Editing Rice (section)

=== History ===

{{main |History of rice cultivation}}

[[File:KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_Céphas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Bas-relief of 9th century [[Borobudur]] in Indonesia describes [[rice barn]]s and rice plants infested by mice.]]

''[[Oryza sativa]]'' rice was first [[Domestication|domesticated]] in [[Neolithic China|China]] 9,000 years ago,<ref name="Fornasiero Wing Ronald 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Fornasiero |first1=Alice |last2=Wing |first2=Rod A. |last3=Ronald |first3=Pamela |title=Rice domestication |journal=[[Current Biology]] |date=January 2022 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=R20–R24 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025 |pmid=35015986 |bibcode=2022CBio...32..R20F }}</ref> by people of [[Neolithic]] cultures in the [[Upper Yangtze|Upper]] and [[Lower Yangtze]], associated with [[Hmong-Mien]]-speakers and [[pre-Austronesians]], respectively.<ref name="Bellwood2011">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator |journal=Rice |date=December 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–103 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4...93B |hdl=1885/58842 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="He2017">{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Keyang |last2=Lu |first2=Houyuan |last3=Zhang |first3=Jianping |last4=Wang |first4=Can |last5=Huan |first5=Xiujia |title=Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China |journal=[[The Holocene]] |date=December 2017 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=1885–1898 |doi=10.1177/0959683617708455 }}</ref><ref name="Hsieh2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hsieh |first1=Jaw-shu |last2=Hsing |first2=Yue-ie Caroline |last3=Hsu |first3=Tze-fu |last4=Li |first4=Paul Jen-kuei |last5=Li |first5=Kuang-ti |last6=Tsang |first6=Cheng-hwa |date=December 24, 2011 |title=Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet |journal=Rice |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=178–183 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4..178H }}</ref><ref name="Zhang2008">{{cite journal |last1=Chi |first1=Zhang |last2=Hung |first2=Hsiao-Chun |title=The Neolithic of Southern China—Origin, Development, and Dispersal |journal=[[Asian Perspectives]] |date=2008 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=299–329 |id={{Gale|A191316867}} {{Project MUSE|257900}} |jstor=42928744 |doi=10.1353/asi.0.0004 |hdl=10125/17291 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The functional [[allele]] for [[Shattering (agriculture)|nonshattering]], the critical indicator of domestication in grains, as well as five other [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]]s, is identical in both ''indica'' and ''[[Japonica rice|japonica]]''. This implies a single domestication event for ''O. sativa''.<ref name="Vaughan Lu Tomooka 2008"/> Both ''indica'' and ''[[Japonica rice|japonica]]'' forms of Asian rice sprang from a single domestication event in China from the wild rice ''[[Oryza rufipogon]]''.<ref name="Molina Sikora Garud 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Molina |first1=J. |last2=Sikora |first2=M. |last3=Garud |first3=N. |last4=Flowers |first4=J. M. |last5=Rubinstein |first5=S. |last6=Reynolds |first6=A. |last7=Huang |first7=P. |last8=Jackson |first8=S. |last9=Schaal |first9=B. A. |last10=Bustamante |first10=C. D. |last11=Boyko |first11=A. R. |display-authors=5 |year=2011 |title=Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=108 |issue=20 |pages=8351–8356 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.8351M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1104686108 |pmc=3101000 |pmid=21536870 |last12=Purugganan |first12=M. D. |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Vaughan Lu Tomooka 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Vaughan |first1=Duncan A. |last2=Lu |first2=Bao-Rong |last3=Tomooka |first3=Norihiko |title=The evolving story of rice evolution |journal=Plant Science |date=April 2008 |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=394–408 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016 }}</ref> Despite this evidence, it appears that ''indica'' rice arose when ''japonica'' arrived in India about 4,500 years ago and hybridised with another rice, whether an undomesticated proto-''indica'' or wild ''[[Oryza nivara|O. nivara]]''.<ref name="Choi 2017">{{cite journal |last=Choi |first=Jae |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=The Rice Paradox: Multiple Origins but Single Domestication in Asian Rice |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=969–979 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx049 |pmc=5400379 |pmid=28087768}}</ref>

Rice was introduced early into [[Sino-Tibetan]] cultures in northern China by around 6000 to 5600 years ago,<ref name="Zhang2012">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Jianping |last2=Lu |first2=Houyuan |last3=Gu |first3=Wanfa |last4=Wu |first4=Naiqin |last5=Zhou |first5=Kunshu |last6=Hu |first6=Yayi |last7=Xin |first7=Yingjun |last8=Wang |first8=Can |last9=Kashkush |first9=Khalil |display-authors=5 |date=December 17, 2012 |title=Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=e52146 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...752146Z |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0052146 |pmc=3524165 |pmid=23284907 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Fuller2011">{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |title=Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures |journal=Rice |date=December 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=78–92 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9078-7 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4...78F }}</ref><ref name="He2017"/> and to the [[Korea]]n peninsula and [[Japan]] by around 5500 to 3200 years ago.<ref name="Crawford and Shen 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |last2=Shen |year=1998 |title=The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia |journal=Antiquity |volume=72 |issue=278 |pages=858–866 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00087494 |s2cid=162486123 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=G. W. |last2=Lee |first2=G.-A. |date=March 2003 |title=Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula |journal=Antiquity |volume=77 |issue=295 |pages=87–95 |doi=10.1017/s0003598x00061378 |s2cid=163060564 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> It was also carried into [[Taiwan]] by the [[Dapenkeng]] culture by 5500 to 4000 years ago, before spreading southwards via the [[Austronesian expansion|Austronesian migrations]] to [[Island Southeast Asia]], [[Madagascar]], and [[Guam]], but did not survive the voyage to the rest of the Pacific.<ref name="Bellwood2011"/><ref name="Beaujard2011">{{cite journal |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |date=August 2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=169–189 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731163547/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Carson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Mike T. |date=2012 |title=An overview of latte period archaeology |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Micronesica |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090641/https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2019}}</ref> It reached [[Austroasiatic]] and [[Kra-Dai]]-speakers in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] and southern China by 5000 years ago.<ref name="Bellwood2011" /><ref name="Higham2015">{{cite journal |last1=Higham |first1=Charles F. W. |last2=Douka |first2=Katerina |last3=Higham |first3=Thomas F. G. |last4=Hart |first4=John P. |date=September 18, 2015 |title=A New Chronology for the Bronze Age of Northeastern Thailand and Its Implications for Southeast Asian Prehistory |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0137542 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1037542H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0137542 |pmc=4575132 |pmid=26384011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Rice spread around the rest of the world through cultivation, migration and trade, eventually to the Americas as part of the [[Columbian exchange]] after 1492.<ref name="Choi 2019"/> The now less common ''[[Oryza glaberrima]]'' (African rice) was independently domesticated in Africa around 3,000 years ago,<ref name="Choi 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Jae Young |date=March 7, 2019 |title=The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima |journal=[[PLOS Genetics]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=e1007414 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414 |pmc=6424484 |pmid=30845217 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and introduced to the Americas by the Spanish.<ref name="National Academies Press 1996">{{cite book |author=National Research Council |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-309-04990-0 |volume=1 |chapter=African Rice |doi=10.17226/2305 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122104044/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305 |archive-date=January 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[British North America]] by the time of the start of the [[American War of Independence]], rice had become the fourth most valuable export commodity behind only tobacco, wheat, and fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Kenneth |date=July 1995 |title=The Organization of the Colonial American Rice Trade |journal=[[The William and Mary Quarterly]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=433–452 |doi=10.2307/2947294 |jstor=2947294 }}</ref>