Editing Renewable energy (section)

==== Energy supply security ====
Two main renewable energy sources - solar power and wind power - are usually deployed in [[distributed generation]] architecture, which offers specific benefits and comes with specific risks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Samuel |last2=McGarry |first2=Connor |last3=Bell |first3=Keith |date=2022 |title=The growth of distributed generation and associated challenges: A Great Britain case study |journal=IET Renewable Power Generation |language=en |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1827–1840 |doi=10.1049/rpg2.12416 |issn=1752-1424|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022IRPG...16.1827G }}</ref> Notable risks are associated with centralisation of 90% of the supply chains in a single country (China) in the photovoltaic sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O’Sullivan |first=Alexander Lipke, Janka Oertel, Daniel |date=2024-05-29 |title=Trust and trade-offs: How to manage Europe's green technology dependence on China |url=https://ecfr.eu/publication/trust-and-trade-offs-how-to-manage-europes-green-technology-dependence-on-china/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mass-scale installation of photovoltaic [[Power inverter|power inverters]] with remote control, [[Vulnerability (computer security)|security vulnerabilities]] and [[Web shell|backdoors]] results in cyberattacks that can disable generation from millions of physically decentralised panels, resulting in disappearance of hundreds of gigawatts of installed power from the grid in one moment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-12 |title=Hacking Rooftop Solar Is a Way to Break Europe's Power Grid |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-12/europe-s-power-grid-vulnerable-to-hackers-exploiting-rooftop-solar-panels |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=The gigantic and unregulated power plants in the cloud |url=https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/the-gigantic-unregulated-power-plants-in-the-cloud/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Bert Hubert's writings}}</ref> Similar attacks have targeted wind power farms through vulnerabilities in their remote control and monitoring systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tam |first=Kimberly |date=2024-09-05 |title=How cyberattacks on offshore wind farms could create huge problems |url=https://theconversation.com/how-cyberattacks-on-offshore-wind-farms-could-create-huge-problems-238165 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> The European [[Cyber-security regulation|NIS2 directive]] partially responds to these challenges by extending the scope of cybersecurity regulations to the energy generation market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=SolarPower Europe calls for stronger cybersecurity measures |url=https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/07/12/solarpower-europe-calls-for-stronger-cybersecurity-measures/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=pv magazine International |language=en-US}}</ref>