Editing Reign of Terror (section)

== Major events ==
{{Main|History of France#Revolutionary France (1789–1799)|France#Revolutionary France (1789–1799)}}
[[File:Le Bataillon Carré, Affaire de Fougères 1793 (Square Battalion).jpg|thumb|The [[War in the Vendée|Vendeans revolted]] against the revolutionary government in 1793]]

On 10 March 1793 the National Convention set up the [[Revolutionary Tribunal]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Law of Suspects |date=1793-09-17 |url=https://revolution.chnm.org/d/417 |access-date=2023-09-15 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830094328/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/417/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Among those charged by the tribunal, initially, about half of those arrested were acquitted, but the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the [[Law of 22 Prairial]] on 10 June 1794. In March, [[War in the Vendée|rebellion broke out]] in the [[Vendée]] in response to mass conscription, which developed into a civil war. Discontent in the Vendée lasted—according to some accounts—until after the Terror.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furlaud |first=Alice |date=1989-07-09 |title=Vive la Contre-Revolution! |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/travel/vive-la-contre-revolution.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045154/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/travel/vive-la-contre-revolution.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 April 1793 the National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety, which gradually became the ''[[de facto]]'' war-time government of France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mantel |first=Hilary |author-link=Hilary Mantel |date=6 August 2009 |title=He Roared |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n15/hilary-mantel/he-roared |journal=London Review of Books |volume=3 |issue=15 |pages=3–6 |access-date=16 January 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522002318/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n15/hilary-mantel/he-roared |url-status=live }}</ref> The Committee oversaw the Reign of Terror. "During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were officially executed, and perhaps 10,000 died in prison or without trial."<ref name="DG">{{Cite book |last=Greer |first=Donald |title=The Incidence of the Terror during the French Revolution : A Statistical Interpretation |date=1935 |publisher=Harvard University Press, coll. « Harvard historical monographs » (no VIII) |location=Cambridge |pages=26–37}}</ref><ref name="EncBrit">{{Cite web |title=Reign of Terror {{!}} History, Significance, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620204345/https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 June the Parisian ''sans-culottes'' surrounded the National Convention,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Harrison W. |title=Fall of the Girondins |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2090/fall-of-the-girondins|date=20 October 2022 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830094328/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2090/fall-of-the-girondins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> calling for administrative and political purges, a fixed low price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral [[Suffrage|franchise]] to ''sans-culottes'' alone. With the backing of the [[National Guard (France)|national guard]], they persuaded the Convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Peter |title=The French Revolution 1787–1804 |date=2003 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |page=57}}</ref> In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies, some 13 departments started the [[Federalist revolts]] against Convention, which were ultimately crushed. 

On 24 June the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the [[French Constitution of 1793]]. It was ratified by public [[referendum]], but never put into force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety {{!}} History of Western Civilization II |url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/robespierre-and-the-committee-of-public-safety |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=courses.lumenlearning.com |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830094328/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/robespierre-and-the-committee-of-public-safety/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Reference only sourced to Wikipedia|date=December 2024}} On 13 July the assassination of [[Jean-Paul Marat]]—a Jacobin leader and journalist—resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. [[Georges Danton]], the leader of the [[10 August (French Revolution)|August 1792 uprising]] against the king, was removed from the Committee of Public Safety on 10 July. On 27 July Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Maximilien Robespierre {{!}} Biography, Facts, & Execution |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre |access-date=19 September 2017 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128201040/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:La fournée des Girondins 10-11-1793.jpg|thumb|The execution of the [[Girondins]]]]

On 23 August the National Convention decreed the ''[[levée en masse]]'':<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrest |first=Alan |date=1 March 2004 |title=L'armée de l'an II : la levée en masse et la création d'un mythe républicain |trans-title=The Army of the Year II in modern memory: the levée-en-masse and the creation of a republican myth |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/1385 |journal=Annales historiques de la Révolution française |language=fr |issue=335 |pages=111–130 |doi=10.4000/ahrf.1385 |doi-access=free |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415190644/https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/1385 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall pick rags to lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.{{Efn|{{In lang|fr}} ''Les jeunes gens iront au combat; les hommes mariés forgeront les armes et transporteront les subsistances; les femmes feront des tentes et serviront dans les hôpitaux; les enfants mettront le vieux linge en charpie; les vieillards se feront porter sur les places publiques pour exciter le courage des guerriers, prêcher la haine des rois et l’unité de la République.''}}}}

On 5 September on the proposal of Barère, the Convention was supposed to have declared by vote that "terror is the order of the day".<ref name="OrderOfTheDay">{{Cite web |date=5 September 1793 |title=Terror Is the Order of the Day |url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/416 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623231851/https://revolution.chnm.org/d/416 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=26 October 2018 |website=Liberty, Equality, Fraternity}}</ref> On that day's session, the Convention, upon a proposal by [[Pierre Gaspard Chaumette]] and supported by Billaud and Danton, decided to form a revolutionary army of 6,000 men in Paris.<ref name="auto4">Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) ''The Ninth of Thermidor'', p. 22; R.R. Palmer (1970) ''The Twelve who Ruled'', pp. 47–51</ref> Barère, representing the Committee of Public Safety, introduced a decree that was promptly passed, establishing a paid armed force of 6,000 men and 1,200 gunners "tasked with crushing counter-revolutionaries, enforcing revolutionary laws and public safety measures decreed by the National Convention, and safeguarding provisions."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hazan |first=Eric |title=A People's History of the French Revolution |year=2014}}</ref> This allowed the government to form "revolutionary armies" designed to force French citizens into compliance with Maximilian rule. These armies were also used to enforce "the [[law of the General Maximum]]", which controlled the distribution and pricing of food. Addressing the Convention, Robespierre claimed that the "weight and willpower" of the people loyal to the republic would be used to oppress those who would turn "political gatherings into gladiatorial arenas".<ref name="OrderOfTheDay" /> The policy change unleashed a newfound military power in France, which was used to defend against the future coalitions formed by rival nations. The event also solidified Robespierre's rise to power as president{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} of the Committee of Public Safety earlier in July.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Marie Antoinette 16 10 1793 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Marie Antoinette]]'s execution by guillotine on 16 October 1793]]
On 8 September banks and exchange offices were shuttered to curb the circulation of counterfeit [[Assignat|''assignats'']] and the outflow of capital, with investments in foreign countries punishable by death. The following day, the extremists [[Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois]] and [[Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne]] were elected in the Committee of Public Safety.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} On 9 September the convention established paramilitary forces, the "revolutionary armies",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soyoye |first=Akin A. |url=https://www.academia.edu/8475802 |title=French Revolution I. Introduction  |access-date=30 August 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017212717/https://www.academia.edu/8475802 |url-status=live }}</ref> to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government. On 17 September the [[Law of Suspects]] was passed, which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined "suspects". This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. On 29 September the Convention extended [[price fixing]] from grain and bread to other essential goods and also fixed wages.

On 10 October the Convention decreed "the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace." On 16 October [[Marie Antoinette]] was executed. The trial of the Girondins started on the same day; they were executed on 31 October in just over half an hour by [[Charles-Henri Sanson]].<ref>Sanson Memoirs Vol II p. 70</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=History |first=Alpha |date=2015-03-15 |title=French Revolution timeline 1792–95 |url=https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/french-revolution-timeline-1792-95 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=French Revolution |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070531/https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/french-revolution-timeline-1792-95/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Joseph Fouché]] and Collot d'Herbois suppressed the [[revolt of Lyon against the National Convention]], while [[Jean-Baptiste Carrier]] ordered the [[drownings at Nantes]]. [[Jean-Lambert Tallien]] ensured the operation of the guillotine in [[Bordeaux]], while Barras and Fréron addressed issues in [[Marseille]] and [[Toulon]]. [[Joseph Le Bon]] was sent to the [[Somme (department)|Somme]] and [[Pas-de-Calais]] regions.<ref name=Bienvenu23>Richard T. Bienvenu (1968) ''The Ninth of Thermidor'', p. 23</ref>

On 8 November, the director of the ''assignats'' manufacture, and [[Manon Roland]] were executed. On 13 November the Convention shut down the [[Paris Bourse]] and banned all commerce in precious metals, under penalties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn.mises.org/Fiat%20Money%20Inflation%20in%20France_2.pdf|title=Fiat Money in France: How It Came, What It Brought, and How It Ended by A.D. White, p. 43|access-date=30 October 2022|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151512/https://cdn.mises.org/Fiat%20Money%20Inflation%20in%20France_2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><!--On 10 November (20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar), the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason.--> Anti-clerical sentiments increased and a campaign of dechristianization occurred at the end of 1793. Eventually, Robespierre denounced the "de-Christianisers" as foreign enemies.

[[File:Olympe gouges.jpg|thumb|upright|The execution of [[Olympe de Gouges]], feminist writer close to the Girondins]]

In early December, Robespierre accused Danton in the Jacobin Club of "too often showing his vices and not his virtue".<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34452336z/date1793|title=Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel – Year available 1793 – Gallica|website=Gallic.bnf.fr|access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803192002/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34452336z/date1793|url-status=live |language=fr}}</ref> [[Camille Desmoulins]] defended Danton and warned Robespierre not to exaggerate the revolution. On 5 December the National Convention passed the [[Law of Frimaire]], which gave the central government more control over the actions of the [[Représentant en mission|representatives on mission]]. The Commune of Paris and the revolutionary committees in the sections had to obey the law, the two Committees, and the Convention.<ref>''Le Moniteur Universel'' de 5 décembre 1793, p. 4</ref> Desmoulins argued that the Revolution should return to its original ideas en vogue around 10 August 1792.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Funck | first1=F. | last2=Danton | first2=G.J. | last3=Châlier | first3=M.J. | title=1793: Beitrag zur geheimen Geschichte der französischen Revolution, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Danton's und Challier's, zugleich als Berichtigung der in den Werken von Thiers und Mignet enthaltenen Schilderungen | publisher=F. Bassermann | year=1843 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsxBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52 | language=de | page=52 | access-date=16 August 2019 | archive-date=7 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107230954/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsxBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> A Committee of Grace had to be established. On 8 December, [[Madame du Barry]] was guillotined. On receiving notice that he was to appear on the next day before the Revolutionary Tribunal, [[Étienne Clavière]] committed suicide. American [[Thomas Paine]] lost his seat in the Convention, was arrested, and locked up for his association with the Girondins, as well as being a foreign national. By the end of 1793, two major factions had emerged, both threatening the revolutionary government: the Hébertists, who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection, and the Dantonists, led by Danton, who demanded moderation and clemency. The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both.

On 8 February 1794 Carrier was recalled from Nantes after a member of the Committee of Public Safety wrote to Robespierre with information about the atrocities being carried out, although Carrier was not put on trial. On 26 February and 3 March [[Louis Antoine de Saint-Just]] proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution, known as the [[Ventôse Decrees]].

In March the major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March. On 30 March the two committees decided to arrest Danton and Desmoulins after Saint-Just became uncharacteristically angry.{{sfn|Schama|1989|pp=816–817}} The Dantonists were tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April. In mid-April it was decreed to centralise the investigation of court records and to bring all the political suspects in France to the Revolutionary Tribunal to Paris. Saint-Just and [[Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas]] journeyed the [[Army of the Rhine (1791–1795)|Rhine Army]] to oversee the generals and punish officers for perceived treasonous timidity or lack of initiative.<ref name="Bienvenu23" /> The two committees received the power to interrogate them immediately. A special police bureau inside the Comité de salut public was created, whose task was to monitor public servants, competing with both the Committee of General Security and the Committee of Public Safety.<ref>Herlaut. Les missions de Saint-Just à l'armée du Nord. Seconde Mission (30 Avril 1794–28 Juin 1794) . In: Revue du Nord, tome 28, n°109, Janvier-mars 1946. p. 2. {{doi|10.3406/rnord.1946.1872}}, {{Cite journal |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1946_num_28_109_1872 |title=Les missions de Saint-Just à l'armée du Nord. Seconde Mission (30 Avril 1794-28 Juin 1794) |doi=10.3406/rnord.1946.1872 |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070957/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1946_num_28_109_1872 |url-status=live |date=1946 |last1=Herlaut |journal=Revue du Nord |volume=28 |issue=109 |pages=1–33|language=fr }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antoine-saint-just.fr/chrono.html|title=Chronologie|website=www.antoine-saint-just.fr|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211182946/http://www.antoine-saint-just.fr/chrono.html|url-status=live |language=fr}}</ref> Foreigners were no longer allowed to travel through France or visit a Jacobin club; [[patriottentijd|Dutch patriots]] who had fled to France before 1790 were excluded.<ref>J. Rosendaal (2003) Bataven! Nederlandse Vluchtelingen In Frankrijk 1787 1795, pp. 420–422</ref> 

On 22 April [[Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes]], [[Isaac René Guy le Chapelier]], [[Jacques Guillaume Thouret]] were taken to be executed.<ref name="auto3">A. Jourdan (2018) Le tribunal révolutionnaire. {{doi|10.3917/perri.boula.2018.01.0269}}</ref> Saint-Just and Le Bas left Paris at the end of the month for the [[Army of the North (France)|army in the north]].{{sfn|Linton|2013|p=235}} On 21 May the revolutionary government decided that the Terror would be centralised, with almost all 
the [[revolutionary Tribunal|tribunals]] in the provinces closed and all the trials held in Paris.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lWNCwAAQBAJ&dq=government+decided+that+the+Terror+would+be+centralised&pg=PR14-IA87 |title=The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny, p. xiv |isbn=978-1-84765-936-1 |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230043346/https://books.google.nl/books?id=9lWNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14-IA87&lpg=PR14-IA87&dq=government+decided+that+the+Terror+would+be+centralised&source=bl&ots=9mj36Ba2-K&sig=ACfU3U0dgFkTRlC3cyUqlRT1XoaBaNQLYA&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBi7eu9OTkAhUQfFAKHZ4RBYgQ6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=government%20decided%20that%20the%20Terror%20would%20be%20centralised&f=false#v=onepage&q=government%20decided%20that%20the%20Terror%20would%20be%20centralised&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Davidson |first1=Ian |date=25 August 2016 |publisher=Profile Books }}</ref> On 20 May Robespierre signed [[Theresa Cabarrus]]'s arrest warrant, and on 23 May, following an attempted assassination on d'Herbois. [[Cécile Renault]] was arrested near Robespierre's residence with two penknives and a change of underwear claiming the fresh linen was for her execution.<ref>[https://www.houghton.hk/?p=232 A Peoples' History 1793–1844 from the newspapers.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922205654/https://www.houghton.hk/?p=232 |date=22 September 2020 }} ''The Bombay Courier'', Sat 18 October 1794</ref> She was executed on 17 June.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIBAAAAYAAJ&q=PRAIRIAL&pg=RA1-PA135|title=Memoirs of the Sansons: From Private Notes and Documents (1688–1847)|first=Henri|last=Sanson|date=12 March 1876|publisher=Chatto and Windus|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155729/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMIBAAAAYAAJ&q=PRAIRIAL&pg=RA1-PA135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Y0UgN-K0C&dq=Cecile+Renault+parent+execution&pg=PA178|title=Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431–1933|first=Camille|last=Naish|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136247620|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155653/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Y0UgN-K0C&dq=Cecile+Renault+parent+execution&pg=PA178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHzQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cecile+Renault+execution+1794+May&pg=PA242|title=The Edinburgh Review|date=12 March 1809|publisher=A. and C. Black|via=Google Books|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017155541/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHzQAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cecile+Renault+execution+1794+May&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref><!--On 8 June 1794, (20 Prairial) the Festival of the Supreme Being was celebrated across the country; this was part of the [[Cult of the Supreme Being]], a deist national religion.-->

[[File:Beaux-Arts de Carcassonne - Appel des dernières victimes de la terreur dans la prison de saint Lazare.7, 9 thermidor 1794 - Charles Louis MULLER.jpg|thumb|Calling out the last victims of the terror at [[Saint-Lazare Prison]], July 1794]]
[[File:Pierre-Antoine Demachy (1723 – 1807); Une exécution capitale, place de la Révolution (Place de la Concorde), vers 1793. Huile sur papier marouflé sur toile, 37 x 53,5 cm. Musée Carnavalet – Histoire de Paris.jpg|thumb|Execution on the future [[Place de la Concorde]]]]
On 10 June the National Convention passed a law proposed by [[Georges Couthon]], known as the [[Law of 22 Prairial]], which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal. With the enactment of the law, the number of executions greatly increased, and the period became known as "The Great Terror" ({{Langx |fr| la Grande Terreur}}). Between 10 June and 27 July, another 1,366 were executed, causing fear among d'Herbois, Fouché and Tallien due to their past actions.<ref>Jean Jaurès, "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/great-terror.htm The Law of Prairial and the Great Terror (Fall, year IV)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422234650/http://www.marxists.org/archive/jaures/1901/history/great-terror.htm |date=22 April 2021 }}", in ''Socialist History of the French Revolution'' (translated by Mitchell Abidor), Marxists.org</ref> Like Brissot, Madame Roland, Pétion, Hébert and Danton, Tallien was accused of participating in conspicuous dinners.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30691/1/Linton-M-30691.pdf|title='Come and Dine': The Dangers of Conspicuous Consumption in French Revolutionary Politics, 1789–95|first1=Marisa|last1=Linton|first2=Mette|last2=Harder|date=12 March 2015|journal=European History Quarterly|volume=45|issue=4|pages=615|doi=10.1177/0265691415595959|s2cid=143310428|via=academia.edu|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061811/https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/30691/1/Linton-M-30691.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 June [[Pétion de Villeneuve]] and [[François Buzot]] committed suicide, and [[Joachim Vilate]] was arrested on 21 June.

On 26 June the French army won the [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|Battle of Fleurus]], which marked a turning point in [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|France's military campaign]] and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the revolutionary government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Reign of Terror: Causes, Purpose & Effects {{!}} StudySmarter |url=https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/the-french-revolution/the-reign-of-terror |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=StudySmarter UK |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131080804/https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/the-french-revolution/the-reign-of-terror/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=anonymous uncited high school study notes|date=December 2024}} In early July about 60 individuals were arrested as "[[enemies of the people]]" and accused of conspiring against liberty.<ref>Le Républicain français, 9 juillet 1794</ref> The total of death sentences in Paris in July was more than double the number in June,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/la-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288/le-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html |publisher=Ministère de la Justice|title=Le Tribunal révolutionnaire|date=23 May 2011|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151511/http://www.justice.gouv.fr/histoire-et-patrimoine-10050/la-justice-dans-lhistoire-10288/le-tribunal-revolutionnaire-22842.html|url-status=dead |language=fr}}</ref> with two new mass graves dug at [[Picpus Cemetery]] by mid-July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pariscemeteries.com/picpus-1|title=Picpus (12)|website=Paris Cemeteries|access-date=30 April 2024|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803181406/http://www.pariscemeteries.com/picpus-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Spaces of Mourning:The Cemetery of Picpus and the Memory of Terror in Post-Revolutionary France|first=Ronen|last=Steinberg|date=9 September 2008|journal=Proceedings of the Western Society for French History|volume=36|hdl = 2027/spo.0642292.0036.011}}</ref> There was widespread agreement among deputies that their [[parliamentary immunity]], in place since 1 April 1793, had become perilous.{{sfn|Linton|2013|p=163}} On 14 July Robespierre had Fouché expelled. To evade arrest about 50 deputies avoided staying at home.