Editing Racial quota (section)

===United States===
The [[National Origins Formula]] was an American system of immigration quotas, between 1921 and 1965, which restricted [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] on the basis of existing proportions of the population. The goal was to maintain the existing ethnic composition of the United States. It had the effect of giving low quotas to Eastern and Southern Europe.

Such racial quotas were restored after the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], especially during the 1970s.<ref name="'70s 242">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/242 242–244]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/242}}</ref> [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[United States Secretary of Labor|Labor Secretary]] [[George Shultz|George P. Shultz]] demanded that anti-black construction unions allow a certain number of black people into the unions.<ref name="'70s 242" /> The [[United States Department of Labor|Department of Labor]] began enforcing these quotas across the country.<ref name="'70s 242" /> After a [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] case, ''[[Griggs v. Duke Power Company]]'', found that neutral application tests and procedures that still resulted in ''de facto'' segregation of employees (if previous discrimination had existed) were illegal, more companies began implementing quotas on their own.<ref name="'70s 242" />

In a 1973 court case, a federal judge created one of the first mandated quotas when he ruled that half of the [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]] Police Department's new employees must be either black or [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]].<ref name="'70s 242"/> In 1974, the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] and the [[United Steelworkers of America]] came to an agreement on the largest-to-then quota program, for steel unions.<ref name="'70s 242"/>

In 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Regents of the University of California v. Bakke]]'' that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment.<ref name="'70s 242"/> The Court said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead.<ref name="'70s 242"/> A 1979 Supreme Court case, ''[[United Steelworkers v. Weber]]'', found that private employers could set rigid numerical quotas, if they chose to do so.<ref name="'70s 242"/> In 1980, the Supreme Court found that a 10% racial quota for federal contractors was permitted.<ref name="'70s 242"/>

In 1990 [[City University of New York]] was accused of discriminatory hiring practices against Italian-Americans.<ref>{{cite news
    |newspaper=[[New York Post]]
    |title=CUNY hit for Italian-American hiring bias
    |quote=U.S. Labor Department .. Italian-Americans have yet to benefit .. identified in 1976
    |date=August 10, 1990 |page=8}}</ref>

In 1991, President [[George H. W. Bush]] made an attempt to abolish [[affirmative action]] altogether, maintaining that "any regulation, rule, enforcement practice or other aspect of these programs that mandates, encourages, or otherwise involves the use of quotas, preferences, set-asides or other devices on the basis of race, sex, religion or national origin are to be terminated as soon as is legally feasible".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/21/us/bush-to-order-end-of-rules-allowing-race-based-hiring.html |title=Bush to order end of rules allowing race-based hiring |date=21 November 1991 |access-date=14 October 2017 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This claim led up to the creation of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1991]]; however, the document was not able to implement these changes. It only covered the terms for settling cases where discrimination has been confirmed to have occurred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1991_pub_l_102_166|title=Civil Rights Act of 1991 – Pub. L. 102–166 – findUSlaw|website=finduslaw.com}}</ref>

[[College admissions in the United States]] have had racial quotas; see {{slink|Numerus clausus|United States}} for details. These have notably included blanket bans on [[African-American]]s, [[Jewish quota]]s from 1918 to the 1950s, and an alleged [[Asian quota]] from the 1980s and ongoing {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.