Editing Quiz bowl (section)

== Competitions ==
[[File:Harvard Certamen moderation.JPG|thumb|Scoreboard and host at the Harvard Certamen quiz bowl]]
Quiz bowl is primarily played at single-day tournaments.<ref name="What is Quizbowl" /> Some events have eligibility rules that dictate who may participate, such as allowing only freshman and sophomore players or excluding graduate students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://acf-quizbowl.com/documents/official-acf-rules/|title=Official ACF Rules|website=Academic Competition Federation|access-date=July 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205003/http://acf-quizbowl.com/documents/official-acf-rules/|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, most tournaments allow multiple teams from a single school to compete.

Some schools hold [[intramural]] tournaments where any team formed from students can play.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naqt.com/college/college-quiz-bowl.html|title=College Quiz Bowl|website=NAQT|access-date=June 30, 2014|archive-date=July 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701212750/http://www.naqt.com/college/college-quiz-bowl.html|url-status=live}}</ref> High school quiz bowl is often played over an extended period of time by schools within a local area or pre-existing [[athletic conference]], or in single matches against other schools.<ref name="High School Quiz Bowl" />

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Some regional variants organized for grade school students include [[Knowledge Bowl]], [[Ohio]] Academic Competition (OAC), [[Florida]]'s [[Commissioner's Academic Challenge]] (CAC), and various television quiz competitions such as ''It's Academic''.<ref name="High School Quiz Bowl" /> Athletic and activities associations in some US states also organize quiz bowl competitions, including Missouri's [[MSHSAA]], Illinois's [[Illinois High School Association|IHSA]], Kansas's KSHSAA, Kentucky's [[Governor's Cup (academics)|Governor's Cup]] and Virginia's [[VHSL]].<ref name="High School Quiz Bowl" /><ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=High School Today|publisher=National Federation of State High School Associations|date=April 2011|author1-last=Gardner|author1-first=Robert B.|author2-last=Van Erk|author2-first=Nina|title=Activities Other Than Sports Offered in Many States|page=1|url=https://www.nfhs.org/media/155472/High_School_Today_April_11.pdf|access-date=2022-04-12|archive-date=2017-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626150742/http://www.nfhs.org/media/155472/High_School_Today_April_11.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Additionally, various formats have been developed to test knowledge in specific areas like the [[Bible quiz|Bible]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.home.biblebowl.net/|title=Bible Bowl|website=Bible Bowl|access-date=July 1, 2014|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230713/http://www.home.biblebowl.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Certamen (quiz bowl)|classics]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.njcl.org/pages/Certamen|title=Certamen|website=National Junior Classical League|access-date=July 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165720/http://www.njcl.org/pages/Certamen|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Science Bowl|science]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.energy.gov/wdts/nsb/|title=National Science Bowl Homepage|website=Office of Science|publisher=US Department of Energy|access-date=July 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702152351/http://science.energy.gov/wdts/nsb|archive-date=July 2, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[agricultural science]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.texas4-h.tamu.edu/files/2011/12/publications_projects_quiz_bowl_guide.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230426/http://texas4-h.tamu.edu/files/2011/12/publications_projects_quiz_bowl_guide.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2014|website=Texas A&M University|title=Texas 4-H Quiz Bowl Guide|access-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref> [[DECA (organization)|DECA]] runs quiz bowl events at their competitions that tests knowledge on business and market topics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deca.cccs.edu/quizBowl/STUDYGUIDE.pdf|title=DECA Quiz bowl study guide|website=DECA|access-date=May 13, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915025000/http://www.deca.cccs.edu/quizBowl/STUDYGUIDE.pdf|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> [[Gallaudet University]] sponsors a National Academic Bowl for deaf high school students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallaudet.edu/academic_bowl.html|title=Academic Bowl|website=Gallaudet University|access-date=June 13, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701173417/http://www.gallaudet.edu/academic_bowl.html|archive-date=July 1, 2014}}</ref> Tournaments designated as "trash" focus on pop culture and [[sports]] trivia questions.<ref name="brainiac" />

=== National tournaments ===
There are several collegiate-level national championship tournaments, for which teams usually qualify through regional competitions. They include:
*NAQT's [[NAQT#At the college level|Intercollegiate Championship Tournament]] (ICT)
*NAQT's [[NAQT#Community colleges|Community College Championship Tournament]] (CCCT)
*ACF Nationals
*[[Honda Campus All-Star Challenge]] (HCASC)

Several national competitions are conducted in the United States every year for high school students. Compared to the college level, there are usually more tournaments that allow teams to qualify.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naqt.com/hsnct/2014/details.html|title=2014 HSNCT details|website=NAQT|access-date=June 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718123942/http://www.naqt.com/hsnct/2014/details.html|archive-date=July 18, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pace-nsc.org/2014-nsc-affiliated-tournaments/|title=2014 NSC: Affiliated Tournaments|website=Partnership for Academic Competition Excellence|access-date=2014-06-01|archive-date=2014-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624030532/http://www.pace-nsc.org/2014-nsc-affiliated-tournaments/|url-status=live}}</ref> National tournaments include:
* NAQT's [[NAQT#At the high school level|High School National Championship Tournament]] (HSNCT)
* [[Partnership for Academic Competition Excellence]]'s National Scholastic Championship (PACE NSC)
* The National Academic Association and Question Unlimited's National Academic Championship (NAC)
* [[JROTC]] Leadership and Academic Bowl (JLAB)

The following high school tournaments are for single all-star teams from each U.S. state or other political subdivision:
* [[National All-Star Academic Tournament]] (NASAT)
* [[National Tournament of Academic Excellence]] (NTAE) (formerly known as the Panasonic Academic Challenge)
There is also a tournament for middle school students:

* Middle School National Championship Tournament (MSNCT)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle School National Championship Tournament |url=https://www.naqt.com/msnct/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=NAQT |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302003446/https://www.naqt.com/msnct/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Beginning in 2018, NAQT has organized the [[National Academic Quiz Tournaments#At the high school level|Individual Player National Championship Tournament]] (IPNCT).<ref name="ipnct">{{Cite web|url=https://www.naqt.com/ipnct/|title=Individual Player National Championship Tournament|website=NAQT|access-date=2020-01-30|archive-date=2020-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415041640/https://www.naqt.com/ipnct/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2019, IPNCT has been separated into high school and middle school divisions.<ref name="ipnct" />

=== Educational value ===
Some proponents of reform seek to increase the educational value and fairness of quiz bowl, primarily by using pyramidal questions.<ref name="Quizbowl lexicon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pace-nsc.org/pace-quizbowl-lexicon/|title=Quizbowl lexicon|first=Stephen|last=Eltinge|website=Partnership for Academic Competition Excellence|access-date=June 4, 2014|archive-date=June 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605055158/http://www.pace-nsc.org/pace-quizbowl-lexicon/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norcalquizbowl.org/?page_id=18|title=What is quiz bowl|website=Northern California Quiz Bowl Alliance|date=12 July 2013 |access-date=May 23, 2014|archive-date=March 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309102928/http://www.norcalquizbowl.org/?page_id=18|url-status=live}}</ref> Many competitions below the college level are criticized for their use of speed-check questions, which encourage participants to rely more on their ability to buzz in quickly than on knowledge of the subjects tested.<ref name="Quizbowl lexicon" /> Some tournaments, such as College Bowl, are criticized for being insufficiently academic, including using superfluous clues in their questions, and for recycling questions from previous years.<ref name="Siegel" /><ref name="brainiac" /> The use of "hoses," misleading clues that discourage players from buzzing in too early, is also considered a mark of "bad" quiz bowl.<ref name="brainiac" /><ref name="Quizbowl lexicon" />

The use of mathematical computation problems in tossups is criticized by some for rewarding fast problem-solving skills over conceptual knowledge and for being non-pyramidal by nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsapq.com/math|title=Math Calculation Tossups|website=High School Academic Pyramid Questions (HSAPQ)|access-date=June 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309142840/http://www.hsapq.com/math|archive-date=March 9, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>