Editing Quercus rubra (section)

===Animals===
Northern red oak kernels have highly concentrated amounts of bitter-tasting [[tannin]], a biochemical classified as a predator deterrent, which has limited appeal for consumption among animals. Despite this, the acorns are eaten by [[deer]], [[squirrels]] and [[birds]].<ref name="FNA" /> In Europe, the acorns are consumed by several moth species, particularly ''[[Cydia fagiglandana]]'' and ''[[Cydia splendana]]'', which increases their niche breadths and reduces their competition with ''[[Curculio]]'' weevils.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myczko|first1=Łukasz|last2=Dylewski|first2=Łukasz|last3=Chrzanowski|first3=Artur|last4=Sparks|first4=Tim H.|date=2017-08-01|title=Acorns of invasive Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in Europe are larval hosts of moths and beetles|journal=Biological Invasions|language=en|volume=19|issue=8|pages=2419–2425|doi=10.1007/s10530-017-1452-y|bibcode=2017BiInv..19.2419M |s2cid=9609205|issn=1387-3547}}</ref> Due to this, germination rates among the northern red oak acorns have decreased significantly and resulted in less seed dispersal by animals within Poland. In addition, limited opportunities for dispersal have become costly for the northern red oak in Europe. European animals known for dispersing tendencies, such as the [[Eurasian jay|European jay]] and [[wood mouse]], have been found to be more attracted to local oak species.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merceron|first=Natalie|date=2017|title=Removal of acorns of the alien oak Quercus rubra on the ground by scatter-hoarding animals in Belgian forests.|url=https://popups.uliege.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=13613|journal=Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society, and Environment|volume=21|pages=127–130|doi=10.25518/1780-4507.13613|s2cid=90139551|doi-access=free}}</ref>