Editing Puerto Ricans (section)

==Race and ethnicity==
===White===
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{{Main|White Puerto Ricans|Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico}}
In the [[1899 Puerto Rico Census|1899 census]], taken the year Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following its invasion and annexation in the [[Spanish–American War]], 61.8% of the people were identified as [[White people|White]]. In the [[2020 United States census]] the total of Puerto Ricans that self-identified as White was 17.1% or 560,592 out of the 3,285,874 people living in Puerto Rico,<ref name="data.census.gov">[https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=040XX00US72]</ref> down from 75.8% in the 2010 Census, reflecting a change in perceptions of race in Puerto Rico.<ref name="Puerto Rico's History on race" /><ref name="2010.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010.census.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203009/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archive-date=2011-07-06}}</ref><ref>[http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=72] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628161934/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=72|date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> For every United States census until 2010, most Puerto Ricans self identified as "white".<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref><ref name="Puerto Rico's History on race" /><ref name="mona.uwi.edu 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.mona.uwi.edu/liteng/courses/e21h_2007/documents/santiago/Neither%20Black%20nor%20White-The%20Representation%20of%20Puerto%20Rican%20Racial%20Identity.RTF |title=Department of Literatures in English &#124; Department of Literatures in English &#124; the University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica |website=www.mona.uwi.edu |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212130544/http://www.mona.uwi.edu/liteng/courses/e21h_2007/documents/santiago/Neither%20Black%20nor%20White-The%20Representation%20of%20Puerto%20Rican%20Racial%20Identity.RTF |archive-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ 2010.census.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324073045/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |date=March 24, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stewartsynopsis.com/racial_amnesia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171842/http://stewartsynopsis.com/racial_amnesia.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2016|title=Racial Amnesia|date=March 3, 2016|access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref>

The [[European ethnic groups|European]] ancestry of Puerto Ricans comes primarily from one source: [[Spanish people|Spaniards]] (including [[Canarian people|Canarians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Castilian people|Castilians]], [[Galician people|Galicians]], [[Asturian people|Asturians]], [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]], and [[Basque people|Basques]]).
The Canarian cultural influence in Puerto Rico is one of the most important components in which many villages were founded from these immigrants, which started from 1493 to 1890 and beyond. Many Spaniards, especially Canarians, chose Puerto Rico because of its Hispanic ties and relative proximity in comparison with other former Spanish colonies. They searched for security and stability in an environment similar to that of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico was the most suitable. This began as a temporary exile which became a permanent relocation and the last significant wave of Spanish or European migration to Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=en-GB&v=HmRIxmMxY6c&gl=GB |title=MANUEL MORA MORALES: Canarios en Puerto Rico. CANARIAS EMIGRACIÓN |publisher=YouTube |date=2008-01-20 |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102154030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=en-GB&v=HmRIxmMxY6c&gl=GB |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/Canary.htm |title=The Spanish Of The Canary Islands |publisher=Personal.psu.edu |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071931/http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/Canary.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other sources of European populations are [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsicans]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[Italian Puerto Ricans|Italians]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] (especially Azoreans), [[Greek people|Greeks]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germans]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Maltese people|Maltese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[English people|English]], and [[Danish people|Danes]].

===Black===
{{Main|Afro-Puerto Ricans}}
In the [[2020 United States census]], 7.0% of people self-identified as Black.<ref name="2010.census.gov"/> Africans were brought by [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Conquistador]]s.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The vast majority of the Africans who were brought to [[Puerto Rico]] did so as a result of the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] taking place from many groups in the African continent, but particularly the [[West Africa]]ns, the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]],<ref name=Africans>{{cite book |title=A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents |first=John M. |last=Lipski |publisher=by Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-82265-7 |page=115 |location=middle of second paragraph under 'Africans in Puerto Rico' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0xyRU7QoK4C&pg=PA115 |access-date=December 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102154030/https://books.google.com/books?id=U0xyRU7QoK4C&pg=PA115 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Igbo people|Igbo]],<ref name="Africans" /> and the [[Kongo people]].

===Indigenous===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean|Mestizo|Taino people}}
Indigenous people make up the third largest racial identity among Puerto Ricans, comprising 0.5% of the population,<ref name="2010.census.gov" /><ref name="data.census.gov">[https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=040XX00US72]</ref> although this self-identification may be ethno-political in nature since unmixed Tainos no longer exist as a discrete genetic population. Native American admixture in Puerto Ricans ranges between about 5% and 35%, with around 15% being the approximate average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |title=How Puerto Rico Became White |date=February 7, 2006 |website=SSC WISC Edu |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |access-date=February 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123151459/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |archive-date=November 23, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="genographic.nationalgeographic.com"/><ref name="Latino populations: a unique opport" /><ref name="Via" />

Puerto Rico's self-identified indigenous population therefore consist mostly of indigenous-identified persons (oftentimes with predominant Indigenous ancestry, but not always) from within the genetically mestizo population of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, even when most other Puerto Ricans of their exact same mixture would identify either as mixed-race or even as white.

===Asian===
{{Main|Asian Puerto Ricans|Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Indo-Caribbean}}
For its 2020 census, the U.S. Census Bureau listed the following groups to constitute "Asian":<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/american_factfinder_help.htm#glossary/glossary.htm |title=Explore Census Data |access-date=December 16, 2011 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190404132643/http://factfinder2.census.gov/help/en/american_factfinder_help.htm#glossary/glossary.htm |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Asian Indian, [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]], Bhutanese, Cambodian, [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Chinese]], Filipino, [[Hmong people|Hmong]], Indonesian, [[Japanese people|Japanese]], Korean, Laotian, [[Malaysians|Malaysian]], Nepalese, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Taiwanese, Thai, [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], and Other Asian. Though, the largest groups come from China and [[India]]. These groups represented 0.1% of the population.

===Other===
[[File:José Campeche.JPG|right|thumb|165px|[[José Campeche]] is the first known [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[visual artist]].]]
{{Main|Mulatto|Multiracial}}
People of "Some other race alone" or "Two or more races" constituted 75.3% of the population in the 2020 [[United States 2020 Census|Census]].<ref name="data.census.gov">[https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=040XX00US72]</ref>

Although the average Puerto Rican is of mixed race,<ref name="Rivera 2015" /> few actually identified as multiracial ("two or more races") in the 2010 census; only 3.3% did so.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>[https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.htmldata/ ''2010 Census Data - 2010 Census: 2010 Census Results, Puerto Rico.''] U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 1, 2013.</ref> They more often identified with their predominant heritage or phenotype. However, in the 2020 census, the amount of Puerto Ricans identifying as multiracial went up to 49.8% and an additional 25.5% identified as "some other race", showing a marked change in the way Puerto Ricans view themselves. This may show that Puerto Ricans are now more open to embracing all sides of their mixed-race heritage and do not view themselves as part of the standard race dynamic in the United States — hence the high number of people identifying as "some other race." A similar phenomenon went on in the mainland United States with the overall US Hispanic/Latino population.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html]</ref> 
Most have significant ancestry from two or more of the founding source populations of Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population. Small amounts of Puerto Ricans may have additional ancestries from other parts of the world. Similar to many other Latin American ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans are multi-generationally mixed race, though most are European-dominant in ancestry; Puerto Ricans who are "evenly mixed" can accurately be described as "''[[Mulatto]]''", "''[[Quadroon]]''", or ''Tri-racial'', very similar to mixed populations in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. According to the [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] [[Genographic Project]], "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/25/genographic-project-dna-results-reveals-details-of-puerto-rican-history/|title=Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History|date=2014-07-25|website=National Geographic Society Newsroom|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324164653/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/25/genographic-project-dna-results-reveals-details-of-puerto-rican-history/|archive-date=March 24, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In genetic terms, even many of those of pure Spanish origin would have North and, in some cases, West African ancestry brought from founder populations, particularly in the Canary Islands.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fregel R, Pestano J, Arnay M, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, González AM |title=The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands) |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=1314–24 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19337312 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.46 |pmc=2986650}}</ref> Along with European, West African, and Taino, many Puerto Ricans have small amounts of North African blood due to [[Canary Islanders|settlers from Canary Islands]], the Spanish province from which most Puerto Ricans draw their European ancestry, being of partial North African blood. Very few self-identified Black Puerto Ricans are of unmixed African ancestry, while a genetically unmixed Amerindian population in Puerto Rico is technically extinct despite a minuscule segment of self-identified Amerindian Puerto Ricans due to a minor Amerindian component in their ancestral mixture. Research data shows that 60% of Puerto Ricans carry maternal lineages of Native American origin and the typical Puerto Rican has between 5% and 15% Native American admixture.<ref name=":0" />

===Modern identity===
{{Main|Culture of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Aqui vive una familia puertorriqueña 2006 (San Juan, Puerto Rico).jpg|thumb|"A Puerto Rican family lives here" sign on a wall in San Juan]]
The Puerto Rico of today has come to form some of its own social customs, cultural matrix, historically rooted traditions, and its own unique pronunciation, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions within the [[Spanish language]], known as [[Puerto Rican Spanish]]. Even after the attempted assimilation of Puerto Rico into the United States in the early 20th century, the majority of the people of Puerto Rico feel pride in their Puerto Rican nationality,<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Explore all countries |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |website=cia.gov |publisher=CIA |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> regardless of the individual's particular racial, ethnic, political, or economic background. Many Puerto Ricans are consciously aware of the rich contribution of all cultures represented on the island. This diversity can be seen in the everyday lifestyle of many Puerto Ricans such as the profound Latin, African, and Taíno influences regarding food, music, dance, and architecture.<ref name="NPR.org 2014">{{cite web | title=Reconnecting The Circuit Of Puerto Rican Identity Through Music | website=NPR.org | date=2 November 2014 | url=https://www.npr.org/2014/11/02/360078925/reconnecting-the-circuit-of-puerto-rican-identity-through-music | access-date=4 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108122403/https://www.npr.org/2014/11/02/360078925/reconnecting-the-circuit-of-puerto-rican-identity-through-music | archive-date=January 8, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>