Editing Public speaking (section)

=== China ===
In [[History of China|Ancient China]], the use of rhetoric was delayed, largely because the country then lacked rhetoricians who could train students.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Pei-Ling |first=Lee |date=October 2020 |title=The Application of Chinese Rhetoric to Public Speaking. |journal=China Media Research |volume=16 |issue=4}}</ref> It was understood that [[Chinese Rhetoric|Chinese rhetoric]] was part of Chinese philosophy, which schools taught focusing on two concepts: "Wen" (rhetoric); and "Zhi" (thoughtful content).<ref name=":10" /> Ancient Chinese rhetoric shows strong connections with modern public speaking, as Chinese rhetoric placed a high value on ethics.<ref name=":10" />

Ancient Chinese rhetoric had three objectives: (i) using language to reflect people's feelings; (ii) using language to be more pointed, effective, and impactful; and (iii) using rhetoric as an "aesthetic tool."<ref name=":10" /> Chinese rhetoric traditionally focused more on the written than the spoken word, but both share similar characteristics of construction.<ref name=":10" />

A unique and key difference between Chinese and Western rhetoric is the audience targeted for persuasion.<ref name=":10" /> In Chinese rhetoric, state rulers were the audience, whereas Western rhetoric targets the public.<ref name=":10" /> Another difference between Chinese and Western rhetoric practices is how a speaker establishes credibility or [[Ethos]].<ref name=":10" /> In Chinese rhetoric, the speaker does not focus on individual credibility, like Western rhetoric. Instead, the speaker focuses on collectivism<ref name=":10" /> by sharing personal experiences and establishing a connection between the speaker's concern and the audience's interest.<ref name=":10" />

Chinese employs three standards in assessing public rhetoric:<ref name=":10" />

* '''Tracing''': This standard evaluates how well the speaker is doing compared to traditional speaking practices.
* '''Examination''': This standard evaluates how well the speaker considers the audience's daily lives.
* '''Practice''': This standard evaluates how relevant the topic or argument is to the "state, society, and people."