Editing Psychology (section)

==== 1950–1999 ====
Women in the second half of the 20th century continued to do research that had large-scale impacts on the field of psychology. [[Mary Ainsworth]]'s work centered around [[attachment theory]]. Building off fellow psychologist [[John Bowlby]], Ainsworth spent years doing [[Field research|fieldwork]] to understand the development of mother-infant relationships. In doing this field research, Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Procedure, a laboratory procedure meant to study attachment style by separating and uniting a child with their mother several different times under different circumstances. These field studies are also where she developed her [[attachment theory]] and the order of [[attachment styles]], which was a landmark for [[developmental psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-23 |title=Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter - Psychologists and Their Theories for Students {{!}} HighBeam Research |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3456300011.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323101023/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3456300011.html |archive-date=23 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravo |first=Nick |date=1999-04-07 |title=Mary Ainsworth, 85, Theorist On Mother-Infant Attachment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/07/us/mary-ainsworth-85-theorist-on-mother-infant-attachment.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Because of her work, Ainsworth became one of the most cited psychologists of all time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haggbloom |first1=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L. |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |date=June 2002 |title=The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |journal=Review of General Psychology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 |s2cid=145668721 |issn=1089-2680}}</ref> [[Mamie Phipps Clark]] was another woman in psychology that changed the field with her research. She was one of the first African-Americans to receive a doctoral degree in psychology from [[Columbia University]], along with her husband, [[Kenneth and Mamie Clark|Kenneth Clark]]. Her master's thesis, "The Development of Consciousness in Negro Pre-School Children," argued that black children's [[self-esteem]] was negatively impacted by [[racial discrimination]]. She and her husband conduced research building off her thesis throughout the 1940s. These tests, called the [[Doll Test|doll tests]], asked young children to choose between identical dolls whose only difference was race, and they found that the majority of the children preferred the white dolls and attributed positive traits to them. Repeated over and over again, these tests helped to determine the negative effects of [[racial discrimination]] and [[Racial segregation|segregation]] on black children's [[self-image]] and development. In 1954, this research would help decide the landmark [[Brown v. Board of Education]] decision, leading to the end of legal segregation across the nation. Clark went on to be an influential figure in psychology, her work continuing to focus on minority youth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Featured Psychologists: Mamie Phipps Clark, PhD, and Kenneth Clark, PhD |url=https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-health/psychologists/clark |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>

As the field of psychology developed throughout the latter half of the 20th century, women in the field advocated for their voices to be heard and their perspectives to be valued. [[Second-wave feminism]] did not miss psychology. An outspoken feminist in psychology was [[Naomi Weisstein]], who was an accomplished researcher in psychology and [[neuroscience]], and is perhaps best known for her paper, "Kirche, Kuche, Kinder as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female." Psychology Constructs the Female criticized the field of psychology for centering men and using biology too much to explain gender differences without taking into account social factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weisstein |first=Naomi |date=June 1993 |title=Psychology Constructs the Female; or the Fantasy Life of the Male Psychologist (with Some Attention to the Fantasies of his Friends, the Male Biologist and the Male Anthropologist) |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959353593032005 |journal=Feminism & Psychology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=194–210 |doi=10.1177/0959353593032005 |s2cid=142246296 |issn=0959-3535}}</ref> Her work set the stage for further research to be done in [[social psychology]], especially in [[Gender Construction|gender construction]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=Laura C. |last2=Rutherford |first2=Alexandra |date=2016 |title=Naomi Weisstein (1939–2015). |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0039886 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=77 |doi=10.1037/a0039886 |pmid=26766770 |issn=1935-990X}}</ref> Other women in the field also continued advocating for women in psychology, creating the [[Association for Women in Psychology]] to criticize how the field treated women. [[E. Kitch Childs|E. Kitsch Child]], [[Phyllis Chesler]], and [[Dorothy Riddle]] were some of the founding members of the organization in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Content |first=Contributed |date=1993-02-14 |title=E. KITCH CHILDS |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/02/14/e-kitch-childs/ |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=Robert Reinhold Special to The New York |date=1970-09-06 |title=WOMEN CRITICIZE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/06/archives/women-criticize-psychology-unit-1million-in-reparations-is-demanded.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The latter half of the 20th century further diversified the field of psychology, with women of color reaching new milestones. In 1962, [[Martha E. Bernal|Martha Bernal]] became the first Latina woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology. In 1969, [[Marigold Linton]], the first Native American woman to get a Ph.D. in psychology, founded the [[National Indian Education Association]]. She was also a founding member of the [[Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science]]. In 1971, The Network of Indian Psychologists was established by [[Carolyn Attneave]]. Harriet McAdoo was appointed to the White House Conference on Families in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in Psychology Timeline |url=https://www.apa.org/pi/women/iampsyched/timeline |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.apa.org}}</ref>