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==== Accounting and external auditing ==== Cf. [[Accountancy qualifications and regulation]] * [[CPA Canada|CPA]] ([[Chartered Professional Accountant]]), the unified accounting designation in Canada conferred by [[CPA Canada]]. * CA or [[Chartered Accountant]] conferred by the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]. * Institute of Chartered Accountants within the Commonwealth e.g. Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, Canada (before merger into CPA). With mutual recognition with each other and with the UK * [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|ACA]], [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|FCA]] or [[Chartered Accountant|CA]] ([[Chartered Accountant]]) conferred by Institutes of [[Chartered Accountants]] in various territories, namely the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. * [[Chartered Institute of Management Accountants|ACMA]] or FCMA (Associate or Fellow Chartered Management Accountant) conferred by the [[Chartered Institute of Management Accountants]] (UK) * Associate or Fellow Chartered Certified Accountant ([[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants|ACCA]] or [[Chartered Certified Accountant|FCCA]]) conferred by [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants]] (UK) * AFA or FFA (Associate or Fellow Incorporated Financial Accountant) conferred by the [[Institute of Financial Accountants]] (UK) * AAIA or [[FAIA]] (Associate or Fellow International Accountant) conferred by [[Association of International Accountants]] * MIPA or FIPA (Member or Fellow of the [[Institute of Public Accountants]] who use the designation "Public Accountant") conferred by the [[Institute of Public Accountants]] (Australia) * CPA ([[Certified Public Accountant]]) conferred by State Accountancy Boards in the US, Hong-Kong, Canada ... * CMA ([[Certified Management Accountant]]) conferred by [[Institute of Certified Management Accountants]] (ICMA in Australia), [[Institute of Management Accountants]] (IMA in US) * CCC (Chartered [[Cost control|Cost Controllers]]) issued and conferred by the [[American Academy of Financial Management]] USA Certifying Board ([[American Academy of Financial Management|AAFM]])<ref>[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/american-academy-of-financial-management.asp AAFM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701055754/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/american-academy-of-financial-management.asp |date=1 July 2010 }}, Investopedia Dictionary.</ref> * CFS (Certified Finance Specialist) conferred by IQN
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