Editing Primorsky Krai (section)

==History==
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{{Further|History of Primorye|History of the Russian Far East|History of Manchuria|Outer Manchuria}}

The area is believed to have been settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the [[Sushen]], the proto-Mongol [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]] and the [[Mohe people|Mohe]]. Although, there are other popular theories, such as the fact that the place was earlier settled by the [[Ainu people]].

The [[Udege people]] are said to have traditionally settled in territories along the [[Bikin River]] long ago, however, they are possibly of [[Jianzhou Jurchen]] origin.<ref name=cerd>[http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/RU/RAIPON_IWGIA_RUS_UPR_S4_2009anx_Indigenous_Peoples_Russia_RAIPON_INFOE_2008.pdf Discrimination against indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035835/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session4/RU/RAIPON_IWGIA_RUS_UPR_S4_2009anx_Indigenous_Peoples_Russia_RAIPON_INFOE_2008.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}. (Parallel report submitted to the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination#Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|UN Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]], [[RAIPON]], June 13, 2008)</ref>

In the past, the land was part of [[Goguryeo]], the northernmost kingdom among the three Korean kingdoms.

During the [[Balhae Kingdom]], most of the krai was within the boundaries of the provinces of Dingli, Anbian and Anyuan. After Balhae was conquered by the Khitans, the territory became part of [[Liao dynasty]]'s Eastern Circuit and [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]'s Supin Circuit. It then came under [[Mongol]] and [[Manchu]] rule.

The acquisition of [[Siberia]] by the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the subsequent Russian expansion to the Far East brought the Russians into direct contact with [[Qing dynasty|China]]. The [[Nerchinsk Treaty]] of 1689 demarcating the borders of the two states gave all lands lying south of the [[Stanovoy Mountains]], including Primorye, to the Qing Empire. However, with the weakening of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]{{explain|date=October 2015}} in the second half of the 19th century, Russia began its expansion into the area. In 1858, the towns of [[Khabarovsk]] and [[Blagoveshchensk]] were founded. In 1858, [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]] signed the [[Aigun Treaty]] with China, followed by the [[Convention of Peking|Beijing Treaty]] two years later. As a result of the two treaties, the Sino–Russian border shifted south in the [[Amur Annexation]] to the [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri River]]s, granting Russia full control of Primorye.

[[Primorskaya Oblast]] was established as the easternmost division of the [[Russian Empire]] in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modern [[Khabarovsk Krai]] and [[Magadan Oblast]], stretching from Vladivostok to the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] in the far north.

In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, [[Ussuriysk]], Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, [[Shkotovo]], [[Pokrovka, Oktyabrsky District, Primorsky Krai|Pokrovka]], Tury Rog, and [[Kamen-Rybolov]]. Russians began migrating to these regions. The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations.
[[File:Primorskaya Oblast CoA.png|thumb|left|Coat of arms of Primorskaya Oblast in the beginning of the 20th century]]

During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export of [[Seakale|sea-kale]], [[velvet antler]]s, [[timber]], [[crab]], [[dried fish]], and [[Sea cucumber (food)|trepangs]]. The rapid economic expansion of Primorye was financed in large measure by Russian and foreign capital investment.

After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as the [[Zemstvo of Maritime Territory]]. It was defined as the [[Far-Eastern Republic]] (1920–1922). Within the [[Russian SFSR]], this became Far-Eastern Oblast (1922–1926) and then Far-Eastern Krai (1926–1938).

The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during the [[Siberian Intervention]]. In 1922, shortly before the end of the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]], Primorye came under Bolshevik control. The new government directed the economic, scientific, and cultural development of the territory. The [[Soviet Union|Soviet Government]] spent the following ten years combating "bourgeois ideology" in many areas of life and culture. As a result, the music, theater, literature, and the fine arts of Primorye were censored.

Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy of [[Korenizatsiya]]. The Krai had 105 both fully and mixed Korean towns where residents used the Korean language as an official language. Nearly 200,000 ethnic Koreans were living in the Krai by the time of their [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deportation in 1938]].<ref name="Pohl10">{{harvnb|Pohl|1999|p=10}}</ref> The Soviet Union had earlier deported ethnic Chinese from western Siberia.

During this period, the Soviet government emphasized [[planned economy|centralized planning]] of the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed.

Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of [[Outer Manchuria]].

On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in [[World War II]], which the United States had entered after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Primorsky Krai was the location where one of 16 [[United States Army Air Corps]] [[B-25 Mitchell]] [[medium bomber]]s landed. The group had been launched from [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|USS ''Hornet'']] to carry out the [[Doolittle Raid]] on Japan. Japan and the Soviet Union were not then at war. The landing occurred 40 miles (65&nbsp;km) west of Vladivostok; the bomber's crew could not return to their base, the aircraft carrier ''Hornet,'' by the mission plan.<ref>See the article on the [[Doolittle Raid#The Raid|Doolittle Raid]].</ref> The crew later returned home via Iran.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of [[Vladivostok]]. Several large research institutions are located here, such as the Institute of Biology and Agriculture, the Pacific Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, the Institute of Marine Biology, the Pacific Institute of Geography, the Pacific Oceanological Institute, as well as several Institutes affiliated with the [[Russian Academy of Science|Far Eastern Division of the Russian Academy of Science]].

By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the [[Far Eastern Shipping Company|DVMP]] (FESCO) shipping company, the Dalmoreprodukt fishing company, Progress [[Arsenyev]] Aircraft Works, and Vostok Mining. Commercial fishing plays an important part in the economy of the Primorye and includes firms like Vladivostok Trawling and Refrigerating Fleet (VBTRF), the Active Marine Fisheries Base of [[Nakhodka]], and the Fishing and Marine Transport Fleet of Primorye. Numerous enterprises of the [[Defense industry of Russia|Russian military-industrial complex]] were also established in Primorye.

The [[Udege people]], led by [[Pavel Sulyandziga]], are trying to gain control over their traditional territories along the [[Bikin River]] and in particular a [[Territory of Traditional Natural Resource Use]] of federal status.<ref name=cerd/>