Editing Predestination (section)

=== Middle Ages ===
[[Gottschalk of Orbais]], a ninth-century [[Saxon]] monk, argued that God predestines some people to hell as well as predestining some to heaven, a view known as double predestination. He was condemned by several synods, but his views remained popular. Irish theologian [[John Scotus Eriugena]] wrote a refutation of Gottschalk.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=70}} Eriugena abandoned Augustine's teaching on predestination.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=69}} He wrote that God's predestination should be equated with his foreknowledge of people's choices.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=74}}

In the thirteenth century, [[Thomas Aquinas]] taught that God predestines certain people to the [[beatific vision]] based solely on his own goodness rather than that of creatures.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=80}} Aquinas also believed that people are free in their choices, fully cause their own sin, and are solely responsible for it.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=78}} According to Aquinas, there are several ways in which God wills actions. He directly wills the good, indirectly wills evil consequences of good things, and only permits evil. Aquinas held that in permitting evil, God does not will it to be done or not to be done.{{sfn|Levering|2011|pp=78–79}}

In the thirteenth century, [[William of Ockham]] taught that God does not cause human choices and equated predestination with divine foreknowledge.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=88}} Though Ockham taught that God predestines based on people's foreseen works, he maintained that God's will was not constrained to do this.{{sfn|Levering|2011|p=89}} Medieval theologians who believed in predestination include: [[Ratramnus]] (died 868),{{sfn|EncyclopaediaE|2024-04-03}} [[Thomas Bradwardine]] (1300–1349),{{sfn|dePrater|2015|pp=37}} [[Gregory of Rimini]] (1300–1358),{{sfn|EncyclopaediaE|2024-04-08}} [[John Wycliffe]] (1320s–1384),{{sfn|Stacey|2024}} [[Johann Ruchrat von Wesel]] (died 1481),{{sfn|Schaff|1997|loc=§ 75}} [[Girolamo Savonarola]] (1452–1498){{sfn|Schaff|1997|loc=§ 76}} and [[Johann von Staupitz|Johannes von Staupitz]] (1460–1524).{{sfn|dePrater|2015|pp=42–43}}

The medieval [[Catharism|Cathars]] denied the free will of humans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cathar Texts: The Book of the Two Principles|url=http://gnosis.org/library/cathar-two-principles.htm|access-date=2021-12-01|website=gnosis.org}}</ref>