Editing Portuguese man o' war (section)

===Predators and prey===
[[File:Blue dragon-glaucus atlanticus (8599051974).jpg|thumb|The [[Glaucus atlanticus|blue dragon]] feeds on men o' war.]]
[[File:Janthina.jpg|thumb|The [[Janthina janthina|violet sea snail]] feeds on men o' war.]]
{{ external media
| float  = right
| width  = 230px
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_LU1GA6pu4 How the Portuguese man o' war stings and eats prey] {{align|right|– ''Blue Planet II''}}
}}
The Portuguese man o' war is a [[carnivore]].<ref name="Portuguese Man-of-War" /> Using its venomous tentacles, it traps and paralyzes its prey while reeling it inwards to its digestive polyps. It typically feeds on small fish, [[Mollusca|molluscs]], [[shrimp]] and other small [[Crustacean|crustaceans]], and [[zooplankton]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Physalia_physalis/| title=Physalia physalis (Portuguese man-of-war)| website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]| access-date=2021-02-10| archive-date=2021-02-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213004123/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Physalia_physalis/| url-status=live}}</ref>

The organism has few predators; one example is the [[loggerhead sea turtle]], which feeds on the Portuguese man o' war as a common part of its diet.<ref name=Brodie1989>{{cite book|last1=Brodie|first1=Edmund D. Jr.|title=Venomous Animals: 300 Animals in Full Color|publisher=Golden Press|location=|year=1989|isbn=978-0-307-24074-3}}</ref> The turtle's skin, including that of its tongue and throat, is too thick for the stings to penetrate. The [[Glaucus atlanticus|blue sea slug]] (aka blue dragon) also specializes in feeding on the Portuguese man o' war,<ref name=Scocchi>{{cite web|first1=Carla|last1=Scocchi|first2=James B.|last2=Wood|url=http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/MarineInvertebrateZoology/Glaucusatlanticus.html|title=''Glaucus atlanticus'', Blue Ocean Slug|publisher=Thecephalopodpage.org|access-date=2009-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005130631/http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/MarineInvertebrateZoology/Glaucusatlanticus.html|archive-date=2017-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> as does the [[Janthina janthina|violet sea snail]].<ref name="M&S">{{cite book|last1=Morrison|first1=Sue|last2=Storrie|first2=Ann|title=Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia|year=1999|publisher=[[Department of Conservation and Land Management|CALM]]|isbn=978-0-7309-6894-8|page=68}}</ref> The [[ocean sunfish]]'s diet, once thought to consist mainly of jellyfish, has been found to include many species, including the Portuguese man o' war.<ref>{{cite journal|title=DNA barcoding identifies a cosmopolitan diet in the ocean sunfish|first1=Lara L.|last1=Sousa|first2=Raquel|last2=Xavier|first3=Vânia|last3=Costa|first4=Nicolas E.|last4=Humphries|first5=Clive|last5=Trueman|first6=Rui|last6=Rosa|first7=David W.|last7=Sims|first8=Nuno|last8=Queiroz|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=28762|year=2016|doi=10.1038/srep28762|pmid=27373803|pmc=4931451|bibcode=2016NatSR...628762S}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oceana.org/marine-life/corals-and-other-invertebrates/portuguese-man-o-war|title=Portuguese Man o' War|work=Oceana.org|publisher=Oceana|access-date=2017-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403110351/http://oceana.org/marine-life/corals-and-other-invertebrates/portuguese-man-o-war|archive-date=2017-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[man-of-war fish]], ''Nomeus gronovii'', is a [[driftfish]] native to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is notable for its ability to live within the deadly tentacles of the Portuguese man o' war, upon whose tentacles and gonads it feeds. Rather than using mucus to prevent nematocysts from firing, as is seen in some of the [[clownfish]] sheltering among sea anemones, the man-of-war fish appears to use highly agile swimming to physically avoid tentacles.<ref name=Jenkins1983>{{cite journal|last1=Jenkins|first1=Robert L.|title=Observations on the Commensal Relationship of Nomeus gronovii with Physalia physalis|journal=Copeia|volume=1983|issue=1|pages=250–252|year=1983|doi=10.2307/1444723|jstor=1444723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1444723}}</ref><ref name="Purcell and Arai 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Purcell |first1=Jennifer E. |last2=Arai |first2=Mary N. |title=Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores with fish: A review |journal=Hydrobiologia |date=2001 |volume=451 |issue=1/3 |pages=27–44 |doi=10.1023/A:1011883905394 |s2cid=31059411 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226927949 |access-date=22 October 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022135434/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226927949_Interactions_of_pelagic_cnidarians_and_ctenophores_with_fish_A_review |url-status=live }} [https://archive.today/20221022134313/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jennifer-Purcell-2/publication/226927949_Interactions_of_pelagic_cnidarians_and_ctenophores_with_fish_A_review/links/0912f50a6c84ac054a000000/Interactions-of-pelagic-cnidarians-and-ctenophores-with-fish-A-review.pdf PDF]</ref> The fish has a very high number of [[vertebra]]e (41), which may add to its agility<ref name="Purcell and Arai 2001" /> and primarily uses its pectoral fins for swimming—a feature of fish that specialize in maneuvering tight spaces. It also has a complex skin design and at least one [[antibody]] to the man o' war's toxins.<ref name="Purcell and Arai 2001" /> Although the fish seems to be 10 times more resistant to the toxin than other fish, it can be stung by the dactylozooides (large tentacles), which it actively avoids.<ref name=Jenkins1983/> The smaller gonozooids do not seem to sting the fish and the fish is reported to frequently nibble on these tentacles.<ref name=Jenkins1983/>