Editing Portland, Oregon (section)

==Geography==
===Geology===
{{see also|Geology of the Pacific Northwest}}
Portland lies on top of a dormant volcanic field known as the [[Boring Lava Field]], named after the nearby [[commuter town|bedroom community]] of [[Boring, Oregon|Boring]].<ref name="volcano">{{cite web|title=The Boring Lava Field, Portland, Oregon|publisher=United States Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory|url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/description_boring_lava.html|access-date=November 7, 2006|archive-date=July 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701101745/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/description_boring_lava.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Boring Lava Field has at least 32 cinder cones such as [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Tabor Cinder Cone, Portland, Oregon|publisher=United States Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory|url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/mount_tabor.html|access-date=April 20, 2007|archive-date=July 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231818/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/mount_tabor.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and its center lies in southeast Portland. [[Mount St. Helens]], a highly active volcano {{convert|50|mi|km}} northeast of the city in Washington state, is easily visible on clear days and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after its [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens|eruption on May 18, 1980.]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=History, relived saved from St. Helens by a six-pack of Fresca|last=Nokes|first=R. Gregory|date=December 4, 2000|work=The Oregonian|page=17}}</ref> The rocks of the Portland area range in age from late [[Eocene]] to more recent eras.<ref>{{cite book|author=Trimble, Donald|title=Geology of Portland, Oregon and Adjacent Areas|pages=1–2|publisher=Geological Survey Bulletin|year=1963|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1119/report.pdf}}</ref>

Multiple shallow, active [[Fault (geology)|fault lines]] traverse the Portland metropolitan area.<ref name=banse>{{cite web|work=Oregon Public Broadcasting|url=https://www.opb.org/news/series/unprepared/pacific-northwest-oregon-washington-earthquakes-faults-cascadia/|author=Banse, Tom|title=Geologists Keep Finding More Northwest Earthquake Faults|date=November 21, 2017|access-date=May 10, 2018|archive-date=May 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184616/https://www.opb.org/news/series/unprepared/pacific-northwest-oregon-washington-earthquakes-faults-cascadia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among them are the [[Portland Hills Fault]] on the city's west side,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/02/comparing_portlands_quake_risk.html|title=Comparing Portland's quake risk to that of devastated Christchurch, New Zealand|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=February 23, 2011|author=Rojas-Burke, Joe|access-date=May 9, 2018}}</ref> and the [[East Bank Fault]] on the east side.<ref>{{cite news|work=Willamette Week|url=http://www.wweek.com/news/2010/01/26/quake-up-call/|date=January 26, 2010|access-date=May 9, 2018|title=Quake-Up Call|author=Mesh, Aaron}}</ref> According to a 2017 survey, several of these faults were characterized as "probably more of a hazard" than the [[Cascadia subduction zone]] due to their proximities to population centers, with the potential of producing [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7 [[earthquake]]s.<ref name=banse/> Notable earthquakes that have impacted the Portland area in recent history include the 6.8-magnitude [[2001 Nisqually earthquake|Nisqually earthquake]] in 2001, and a 5.6-magnitude earthquake that struck on March 25, 1993.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Bott, Jacqueline D.J.|author2=Wong, Ivan G.|title=Historical Earthquakes in and around Portland, Oregon|date=September 1993|journal=Oregon Geology|volume=55|issue=5|page=116}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Nisqually, Washington, Earthquake of February 28, 2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5-B40vrljIC&pg=PA29|editor-first=P. W.|editor-last=McDonough|date=2002|series=Open-File Report 2002-346|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]|pages=28, 29|isbn=978-0-7844-7516-4}}</ref>

Per a 2014 report, over 7,000 locations within the Portland area are at high risk for landslides and [[soil liquefaction]] in the event of a major earthquake, including much of the city's west side (such as [[Washington Park, Portland, Oregon|Washington Park]]) and sections of [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas County]].<ref name=seventh>{{cite web|publisher=KATU|url=http://katu.com/news/local/7000-high-risk-landslide-zones-in-portland-area-check-if-you-live-in-one|title=7,000 high-risk landslide zones in Portland area; check if you live in one|date=March 24, 2014|author=Cassuto, Dan|access-date=May 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113202/http://katu.com/news/local/7000-high-risk-landslide-zones-in-portland-area-check-if-you-live-in-one|archive-date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

===Topography===
Portland is {{convert|60|mi|km}} east of the Pacific Ocean at the northern end of [[Oregon]]'s most populated region, the Willamette Valley. Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the Willamette River, which flows north through the city center and separates the city's east and west neighborhoods. Less than {{convert|10|mi|km}} from downtown, the Willamette River flows into the Columbia River, the fourth-largest river in the United States, which divides Oregon from Washington state. Portland is approximately {{convert|100|mi|km}} upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia.

Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the [[Tualatin Mountains]], more commonly referred to locally as the "West Hills", pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. [[Council Crest Park]] at {{convert|1073|ft|m}} is often quoted as the highest point in Portland; however, the highest point in Portland is on a section of NW Skyline Blvd just north of [[Willamette Stone|Willamette Stone Heritage site]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hale|first=Jamie|date=April 28, 2016|title=Council Crest hike is well worth the extra effort|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/2016/04/a_drive_is_nice_but_a_hike_up.html|access-date=August 15, 2020|work=The Oregonian}}</ref> The highest point east of the river is [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mt. Tabor]], an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to {{convert|636|ft|m}}. Nearby [[Powell Butte]] and [[Rocky Butte]] rise to {{convert|614|ft|m}} and {{convert|612|ft|m}}, respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the [[Oregon Coast Range]], and to the east lies the actively volcanic [[Cascade Range]]. On clear days, [[Mount Hood|Mt. Hood]] and [[Mount St. Helens|Mt. St. Helens]] dominate the horizon, while [[Mount Adams (Washington)|Mt. Adams]] and [[Mount Rainier|Mt. Rainier]] can also be seen in the distance.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|145.09|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|133.43|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|11.66|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 21, 2012|archive-date=July 2, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt}}</ref> Although almost all of Portland is within [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]], small portions of the city are within Clackamas and [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] counties.<ref>{{cite map|date=May 2024|title=Jurisdictional boundaries and parks, Greater Portland|scale=Scale not given|url=https://www.oregonmetro.gov/sites/default/files/2024/05/14/Jurisdictional-boundaries-and-parks-44x34-20240509.pdf|publisher=Metro|access-date=June 24, 2024}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Portland Area, OR(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Portland]]
Portland has a [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csb),'' falling just short of a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] (Köppen ''Csa)'' with cool and rainy winters, and warm and dry summers.{{sfn|Anderson|2014|p=138}} This climate is characterized by having overcast, wet, and changing weather conditions in fall, winter, and spring, as Portland lies in the direct path of the stormy westerly flow, and warm, dry summers when the [[North Pacific High]] reaches its northernmost point in mid-summer.<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm|title=Global Ecological Zoning for the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000|year=2001|publisher=Forestry Department of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|access-date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> Portland's [[Hardiness zone|USDA Plant Hardiness Zone]] is 8b, with parts of the Downtown area falling into zone 9a.<ref name="Portland OR Extremes" />

Winters are cool, cloudy, and rainy. The coldest month is December with an average daily high temperature of {{convert|46.9|°F|1|abbr=}}, although overnight lows usually remain above freezing by a few degrees. Evening temperatures fall to or below freezing 32 nights per year on average, but very rarely below {{convert|18|°F|0}}. There are only 2.1 days per year where the daytime high temperature fails to rise above freezing; the mean for the lowest high is at the exact freezing point of {{convert|32|F|C}}.<ref name = NOWData/> The lowest overnight temperature ever recorded was {{convert|−3|°F|0}},<ref name="Portland OR Extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/climate/pdx_clisummary.php|title=Portland Airport (Oregon): Normals, means, and extremes|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> on February 2, 1950,<ref name=NOWData /> while the lowest daytime high temperature ever recorded was {{convert|14|°F|0}} on December 30, 1968.<ref name = NOWData/> The average window in which freezing temperatures may occur is between November 15 and March 19, allowing a growing season of 240 days.<ref name = NOWData/>

Annual snowfall in Portland is {{convert|4.3|in|cm|1}}, which usually falls between December and March.<ref name="fivethirtyeight.com">{{cite web|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/has-the-snow-finally-stopped/|title=Has The Snow Finally Stopped?|date=March 10, 2015|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}</ref> The city of Portland avoids snow more frequently than its suburbs, due in part to its low elevation and the [[urban heat island]] effect. Neighborhoods outside of the downtown core, especially in slightly higher elevations near the [[Tualatin Mountains|West Hills]] and [[Mount Tabor (Oregon)|Mount Tabor]], can experience a dusting of snow while downtown receives no accumulation at all. The city has experienced a few major snow and ice storms in its past, with extreme totals having reached {{convert|44.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} at the airport in 1949–50 and {{convert|60.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} at downtown in 1892–93.<ref name = "PDX monthly+seasonal snow"/><ref name = "downtown monthly+seasonal snow">{{cite web|title=Downtown Portland: Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall (inches)|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/pdxclimate/pg100.pdf|publisher=NWS Portland, Oregon|access-date=June 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119092735/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/pdxclimate/pg100.pdf|archive-date=January 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:RoseTestGardenPortland.jpg|thumb|Portland's climate is [[Roses in Portland, Oregon|conducive to the growth of roses]]. ''(Pictured: [[International Rose Test Garden]])'']]
Summers in Portland are warm, dry, and sunny, though the sunny warm weather is short-lived, from mid-June to early September.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.usnews.com/Portland_OR/When_To_Visit/|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|title=Best Times to Visit Portland, OR|access-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> June, July, August and September account for a combined {{convert|4.19|in|mm|0|abbr=}} of total rainfall{{spaced ndash}} only 11% of the {{convert|36.91|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} of annual precipitation. The warmest month is August, with an average high temperature of {{convert|82.3|°F|1|abbr=}}. Because of its inland location {{convert|62|mi|km}} from the coast, as well as the protective nature of the [[Oregon Coast Range]] to its west, Portland summers are less susceptible to the moderating influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean. Consequently, Portland occasionally experiences [[heat wave]]s, with temperatures rising above {{convert|90|°F|0}} for a few days. However, on average, temperatures reach or exceed {{convert|80|°F|0}} on only 61 days per year, of which 15 days will reach {{convert|90|°F|0}} and only 1.3 days will reach {{convert|100|°F|0}}. In 2018 more 90-degree days were recorded than ever before.<ref>{{cite web|title=Portland weather hits 90 degrees for record 31st day in 2018|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/weather/index.ssf/2018/09/portland_weather_hits_90_degre.html|website=The Oregonian|date=September 6, 2018|access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref>

On June 28, 2021, Portland recorded its all-time record high temperature of {{convert|116|F|C}} and its warmest daily low temperature of {{convert|75|F|C}} during a [[2021 Western North America heat wave|major regional heat wave]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Kale|date=June 29, 2021|title=Portland's record-breaking heat wave: by the numbers|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/weather/2021/06/portlands-record-breaking-heat-wave-by-the-numbers.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=May 18, 2023}}</ref> The record had been broken for three consecutive days with daytime highs of {{convert|108|F|C}} on June 26 and {{convert|112|F|C}} on June 27; the previous record of {{convert|107|F|C}} was set in July 1965 and matched twice in August 1981.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goldberg|first1=Jamie|last2=Ramakrishnan|first2=Jayati|date=June 29, 2021|title=Portland records all-time high temperature of 116, setting new record for third day in a row|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/weather/2021/06/portland-records-all-time-high-temperature-of-113-setting-new-record-for-third-day-in-a-row.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=May 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Perry|first=Douglas|date=June 24, 2021|title=Portland could set heat record this weekend, despite June's history as city's summer golden period|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/weather/2021/06/portland-could-set-heat-record-this-weekend-despite-junes-history-as-citys-summer-golden-period.html|work=The Oregonian|access-date=May 18, 2023}}</ref> A temperature of {{convert|100|°F|0}} has been recorded in all five months from May through September. The warmest night of the year averages {{convert|68|F|C}}.<ref name = NOWData/>

Spring and fall can bring variable weather including high-pressure ridging that sends temperatures surging above {{convert|80|°F|0}} and cold fronts that plunge daytime temperatures into the 40s °F (4–9&nbsp;°C). However, lengthy stretches of overcast days beginning in mid-fall and continuing into mid-spring are most common. Rain often falls as a light drizzle for several consecutive days at a time, contributing to 157 days on average with measurable (≥{{convert|0.01|in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) precipitation annually. Temperatures have reached {{convert|90|°F|0}} as early as April 30 and as late as October 5, while {{convert|80|°F|0}} has been reached as early as March 16 and as late as October 21. [[Thunderstorm]]s are uncommon and [[1972 Portland-Vancouver tornado|tornadoes]] are very rare, although they do occur.{{sfn|Mass|2008|p=138}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thevane.gawker.com/why-doesnt-the-west-coast-see-thunderstorms-1606295419|title=Why Doesn't the West Coast See Thunderstorms?|access-date=April 19, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427024642/https://thevane.gawker.com/why-doesnt-the-west-coast-see-thunderstorms-1606295419|archive-date=April 27, 2016}}</ref>

{{Weather box 
|location = Portland, Oregon ([[Portland International Airport|PDX]]), 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1940–present{{efn|Official records for Portland have been kept at PDX since October 13, 1940.<ref name = ThreadEx>{{Cite web|url=http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/|title=Threaded Extremes|website=threadex.rcc-acis.org}}</ref> In January 1996, snow measurements for PDX were moved to the NWS Portland office {{convert|4|mi|abbr=on}} to the east at 5241 NE 122nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97230-1089.<ref name = "PDX monthly+seasonal snow">{{cite web|title=AIRPORT Portland: Monthly and Seasonal Snowfall (inches)|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/pdxclimate/pg98.pdf|publisher=NWS Portland, OR|access-date=June 22, 2014}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Portland temps, 1938–2023|url=https://projects.oregonlive.com/weather/temps/|work=The Oregonian|access-date=December 7, 2023}}</ref>
|collapsed = {{{collapsed|}}}
|single line = Y
|Jan record high F = 66
|Feb record high F = 71
|Mar record high F = 82
|Apr record high F = 90
|May record high F = 100
|Jun record high F = 116
|Jul record high F = 107
|Aug record high F = 108
|Sep record high F = 105
|Oct record high F = 92
|Nov record high F = 73
|Dec record high F = 67
|Jan avg record high F = 58.1
|Feb avg record high F = 60.1
|Mar avg record high F = 69.6
|Apr avg record high F = 78.4
|May avg record high F = 86.9
|Jun avg record high F = 91.7
|Jul avg record high F = 96.6
|Aug avg record high F = 96.7
|Sep avg record high F = 91.2
|Oct avg record high F = 77.6
|Nov avg record high F = 63.8
|Dec avg record high F = 58.3
|year avg record high F = 99.9
|Jan high F = 47.5
|Feb high F = 51.5
|Mar high F = 56.8
|Apr high F = 62.0
|May high F = 69.3
|Jun high F = 74.3
|Jul high F = 81.9
|Aug high F = 82.3
|Sep high F = 76.7
|Oct high F = 64.4
|Nov high F = 53.5
|Dec high F = 46.9
|year high F = 63.9
|Jan mean F = 41.9
|Feb mean F = 44.1
|Mar mean F = 48.3
|Apr mean F = 52.8
|May mean F = 59.4
|Jun mean F = 64.2
|Jul mean F = 70.2
|Aug mean F = 70.6
|Sep mean F = 65.4
|Oct mean F = 55.6
|Nov mean F = 47.1
|Dec mean F = 41.6
|year mean F = 55.1
|Jan low F = 36.2
|Feb low F = 36.8
|Mar low F = 39.7
|Apr low F = 43.7
|May low F = 49.4
|Jun low F = 54.1
|Jul low F = 58.5
|Aug low F = 58.9
|Sep low F = 54.1
|Oct low F = 46.7
|Nov low F = 40.6
|Dec low F = 36.2
|year low F = 46.2
|Jan avg record low F = 25.1
|Feb avg record low F = 25.9
|Mar avg record low F = 30.4
|Apr avg record low F = 34.8
|May avg record low F = 40.5
|Jun avg record low F = 47.3
|Jul avg record low F = 52.3
|Aug avg record low F = 51.8
|Sep avg record low F = 45.7
|Oct avg record low F = 36.0
|Nov avg record low F = 29.2
|Dec avg record low F = 24.9
|year avg record low F = 20.8
|Jan record low F = −2
|Feb record low F = −3
|Mar record low F = 19
|Apr record low F = 29
|May record low F = 29
|Jun record low F = 39
|Jul record low F = 43
|Aug record low F = 44
|Sep record low F = 34
|Oct record low F = 26
|Nov record low F = 13
|Dec record low F =  3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 5.03
|Feb precipitation inch = 3.68
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.97
|Apr precipitation inch = 2.89
|May precipitation inch = 2.51
|Jun precipitation inch = 1.63
|Jul precipitation inch = 0.51
|Aug precipitation inch = 0.54
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.52
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.42
|Nov precipitation inch = 5.45
|Dec precipitation inch = 5.77
|year precipitation inch = 36.92
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 18.7
|Feb precipitation days = 15.7
|Mar precipitation days = 17.8
|Apr precipitation days = 17.4
|May precipitation days = 13.2
|Jun precipitation days = 9.2
|Jul precipitation days = 3.7
|Aug precipitation days = 3.6
|Sep precipitation days = 6.7
|Oct precipitation days = 13.5
|Nov precipitation days = 18.3
|Dec precipitation days = 19.2
|year precipitation days = 157.0
|Jan snow inch = 1.7
|Feb snow inch = 1.2
|Mar snow inch = 0.1
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.0
|Dec snow inch = 1.2
|year snow inch = 4.2
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 1.0
|Feb snow days = 0.7
|Mar snow days = 0.3
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.1
|Dec snow days = 0.8
|year snow days = 2.9
|Jan sun =  85.6 |Jan percentsun = 30
|Feb sun = 116.4 |Feb percentsun = 40
|Mar sun = 191.1 |Mar percentsun = 52
|Apr sun = 221.1 |Apr percentsun = 54
|May sun = 276.1 |May percentsun = 60
|Jun sun = 290.2 |Jun percentsun = 62
|Jul sun = 331.9 |Jul percentsun = 70
|Aug sun = 298.1 |Aug percentsun = 68
|Sep sun = 235.7 |Sep percentsun = 63
|Oct sun = 151.7 |Oct percentsun = 45
|Nov sun =  79.3 |Nov percentsun = 28
|Dec sun =  63.7 |Dec percentsun = 23
|year sun=2340.9 |year percentsun =52
|Jan humidity = 80.9
|Feb humidity = 78.0
|Mar humidity = 74.6
|Apr humidity = 71.6
|May humidity = 68.7
|Jun humidity = 65.8
|Jul humidity = 62.8
|Aug humidity = 64.8
|Sep humidity = 69.4
|Oct humidity = 77.9
|Nov humidity = 81.5
|Dec humidity = 82.7
|year humidity= 73.2
|Jan dew point C = 0.9
|Feb dew point C = 2.3
|Mar dew point C = 3.5
|Apr dew point C = 4.9
|May dew point C = 7.4
|Jun dew point C = 9.9
|Jul dew point C = 11.6
|Aug dew point C = 12.1
|Sep dew point C = 10.4
|Oct dew point C = 7.9
|Nov dew point C = 4.6
|Dec dew point C = 1.7
|source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity, dewpoint and sun 1961–1990)<ref name = NOWData >{{cite web|url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pqr|title=NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name = NOAAsun >{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72698.TXT|title=WMO Climate Normals for PORTLAND OR 1961–1990|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=July 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617103914/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72698.TXT|archive-date=June 17, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NOAA BWI">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00024229&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL|work=U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020)|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=Station: PORTLAND INTL AP, OR|access-date=July 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715065816/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00024229&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL|archive-date=July 15, 2023}}</ref>

}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Portland, Oregon.tab
| title=Portland monthly weather statistics
}}

===Cityscape===
{{See also|Architecture of Portland, Oregon|List of tallest buildings in Portland, Oregon|Downtown Portland}}

Portland's cityscape derives much of its character from the many bridges that span the Willamette River downtown, several of which are historic landmarks, and Portland has been nicknamed "Bridgetown" for many decades as a result.<ref name="bridgetown"/> Three of downtown's most heavily used bridges are more than 100 years old and are designated historic landmarks: [[Hawthorne Bridge]] (1910), [[Steel Bridge]] (1912), and [[Broadway Bridge (Portland, Oregon)|Broadway Bridge]] (1913). Portland's newest bridge in the downtown area, [[Tilikum Crossing]], opened in 2015 and is the first new bridge to span the Willamette in Portland since the 1973 opening of the double-decker [[Fremont Bridge (Portland)|Fremont Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Newcomb|first=Tim|date=August 20, 2015|title=You Can't Drive Across This Gorgeous Bridge|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/g2136/portland-tillikum-crossing-bridge-no-cars/|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=Popular Mechanics}}</ref>

Other bridges that span the Willamette River in the downtown area include the [[Burnside Bridge]], the [[Ross Island Bridge]] (both built 1926), and the double-decker [[Marquam Bridge]] (built 1966). Other bridges outside the downtown area include the [[Sellwood Bridge]] (built 2016) to the south; and the [[St. Johns Bridge]], a [[Gothic revival]] suspension bridge built in 1931, to the north. The [[Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge]] and the [[Interstate Bridge]] provide access from Portland across the Columbia River into Washington state.

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| caption1          = Panorama of downtown Portland in the day. [[Hawthorne Bridge]] viewed from a dock on the Willamette River near the [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]].
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{{wide image|WillametteRvrPano edit.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|The Willamette River runs through the center of the city, while [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]] (center<!--Please scroll the picture (or your page) horizontally and look at the entire image, before you attempt to edit this.-->) rises on the city's east side. [[Mount St. Helens]] (left) and [[Mount Hood]] (right center) are visible from many places in the city.}}

===Neighborhoods===
{{See also|Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon}}
[[File:Portland.png|thumb|The five previous addressing sectors of Portland, prior to the addition of South Portland]]

The Willamette River, which flows north through downtown, serves as the natural boundary between East and West Portland. The denser and earlier-developed west side extends into the lap of the [[Tualatin Mountains|West Hills]], while the flatter east side extends for roughly 180 blocks until it meets the suburb of [[Gresham, Oregon|Gresham]]. In 1891 the cities of Portland, [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]], and [[East Portland, Oregon|East Portland]] were consolidated, creating inconsistent patterns of street names and addresses. It was not unusual for a street name to be duplicated in disparate areas. The "Great Renumbering" on September 2, 1931, standardized street naming patterns and divided Portland into five "general districts". It also changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block and adopted a single street name on a grid. For example, the 200 block north of Burnside is either NW Davis Street or NE Davis Street throughout the entire city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ordinance 61325: Street re-numbering report. Providing for renumbering of buildings and renaming of streets.|date=February 28, 1933|publisher=Auditor of the City of Portland|url=http://efiles.portlandoregon.gov/Record/2685610/|access-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Ladd Carriage House in 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Ladd Carriage House]], downtown Portland|left]]
[[File:U.S. National Bank Building - Portland, Oregon.jpg|thumb|The [[United States National Bank Building]], downtown Portland|left]]

The six previous addressing sections of Portland, which were colloquially known as quadrants despite there being six,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2018/02/28/murmurs-portland-is-getting-a-sixth-quadrant/|title=Murmurs: Portland Is Getting a Sixth Quadrant|work=Willamette Week|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/visitors-guide-to-portland/2017/05/30/19054714/a-quick-peek-at-portlands-neighborhoods|title=A Quick Peek at Portland's Neighborhoods|work=Portland Mercury|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref> have developed distinctive identities, with mild cultural differences and friendly rivalries between their residents, especially between those who live east of the Willamette River versus west of the river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://djcoregon.com/news/2012/07/16/perceptions-of-central-eastside-industrial-district-changing/|title=Perceptions of Portland's east side changing|publisher=DJCOregon.com|access-date=March 2, 2015|date=July 16, 2012|author=Reed, Jackson}}</ref> Portland's addressing sections are North, Northwest, Northeast, South, Southeast, and Southwest (which includes [[downtown Portland]]). The Willamette River divides the city into east and west while [[Burnside Street]], which traverses the entire city lengthwise, divides the north and south. North Portland consists of the peninsula formed by the Willamette and Columbia Rivers, with N Williams Ave serving as its eastern boundary. All addresses and streets within the city are prefixed by N, NW, NE, S, SW or SE with the exception of Burnside Street, which is prefixed with W or E. Starting on May 1, 2020, former Southwest prefix addresses with house numbers on east–west streets leading with zero dropped the zero and the street prefix on all streets (including north–south streets) converted from Southwest to South. For example, the current address of 246 S California St. was changed from 0246 SW California St. and the current address of 4310 S Macadam Ave. was converted from 4310 SW Macadam Ave.

The new South Portland addressing section was approved by the Portland City Council on June 6, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-south-new-address-area/|title=South Portland Becomes City's Newest Address Area|last=Templeton|first=Amelia|website=opb.org|access-date=June 25, 2018}}</ref> and is bounded by [[Naito Parkway|SW Naito Parkway]], SW View Point Terrace and the [[Tryon Creek State Natural Area]] to the west, SW Clay Street to the north, the Willamette River to the east, and city limits to the south. It includes the Lair Hill, Johns Landing and South Waterfront districts and Lewis & Clark College as well as the Riverdale area of unincorporated Multnomah County south of the Portland city limits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://efiles.portlandoregon.gov/Record/12011415/|title=Efiles – 188995 Eliminate leading zero addressing in the portion of SW Portland east of SW Naito Parkway amend Ordinance No. 61325 and PCC 24.75.10 ordinance (D/82139)|publisher=Efiles.portlandoregon.gov|date=June 6, 2018|access-date=June 22, 2022}}</ref> In 2018, the city's Bureau of Transportation finalized a plan to transition this part of Portland into South Portland, beginning on May 1, 2020, to reduce confusion by 9-1-1 dispatchers and delivery services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koin.com/news/local/multnomah-county/portlands-6th-sextant-s-to-replace-some-sw-addresses/1001029081|title='South Portland' may be newest city destination|publisher=KOIN|access-date=March 1, 2018|date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=March 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302143957/http://www.koin.com/news/local/multnomah-county/portlands-6th-sextant-s-to-replace-some-sw-addresses/1001029081|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the addition of South Portland, all six addressing sectors (N, NE, NW, S, SE and SW) are now officially known as sextants.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swindler|first=Samantha|date=May 1, 2020|title=South Portland is officially a sextant, but city says you can call it a 'sixth quadrant'|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/05/south-portland-is-officially-a-sextant-but-city-says-you-can-call-it-a-sixth-quadrant.html|access-date=September 21, 2020|website=The Oregonian}}</ref>

[[File:Pearl District and Broadway Bridge.jpg|thumb|Pearl District (left) from the Steel Bridge]]

[[Pearl District, Portland, Oregon|The Pearl District]] in [[Northwest District, Portland, Oregon|Northwest Portland]], which was largely occupied by warehouses, light industry and railroad classification yards in the early to mid-20th century, now houses upscale [[art gallery|art galleries]], restaurants, and retail stores, and is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/05/new_pearl_district_affordable.html|work=Oregon Live|title=New Pearl District affordable apartment highlights misperception of neighborhood's wealth|author=Hottman, Sara|date=May 17, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> Areas further west of the Pearl District include neighborhoods known as Uptown and Nob Hill, as well as the Alphabet District and NW 23rd Ave., a major shopping street lined with clothing boutiques and other upscale retail, mixed with cafes and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/mix/index.ssf/neighborhood-guide/nw-23rd-portland-dining-shopping.html|work=Oregon Live|title=Rediscover the north end of NW 23rd Avenue, where the vibe is more quirky than trendy|author=Butler, Grant|date=September 1, 2011|access-date=September 13, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Steam tug PORTLAND - Portland Oregon.jpg|thumb|left|Lloyd District from downtown Portland]]

Northeast Portland is home to the [[Lloyd District, Portland, Oregon|Lloyd District]], [[Alberta Arts District]], and the [[Hollywood District (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood District]]. North Portland is largely residential and industrial. It contains [[Kelley Point Park]], the northernmost point of the city. It also contains the [[St. Johns, Portland, Oregon|St. Johns]] neighborhood, which is historically one of the most ethnically diverse and poorest neighborhoods in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kgw.com/story/news/investigations/2015/09/01/changing-face-st-johns/71536812/|work=KGW|title=The Changing Face of St. Johns|author=Roth, Sara|access-date=September 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906043643/http://www.kgw.com/story/news/investigations/2015/09/01/changing-face-st-johns/71536812/|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Old Town Chinatown, Portland, Oregon|Old Town Chinatown]] is next to the Pearl District in Northwest Portland. In 1890 it was the second largest Chinese community in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Donnell|first=Terence|title=Portland: A Historical Sketch and Guide|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|year=1976|location=Portland, Oregon|page=104|language=English}}</ref> In 2017, the crime rate was several times above the city average. This neighborhood has been called Portland's skid row.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/371837-255157-new-homeless-shelter-in-old-town-chinatown-sparks-old-debate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912112743/http://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/371837-255157-new-homeless-shelter-in-old-town-chinatown-sparks-old-debate|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 12, 2017|title=New homeless shelter in Old Town/Chinatown sparks old debate|last=Hewitt|first=Lyndsey|date=September 12, 2017|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> Southwest Portland is largely residential. [[Downtown Portland, Oregon|Downtown district]], made up of commercial businesses, museums, [[skyscraper]]s, and public landmarks represents a small area within the southwest address section. Portland's South Waterfront area has been developing into a dense neighborhood of shops, condominiums, and apartments starting in the mid-2000s. Development in this area is ongoing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2015/06/portland_approves_make_or_brea.html|title=Portland approves 'make or break' South Waterfront deal with Zidell|last=Schmidt|first=Brad|date=June 24, 2015|work=The Oregonian|access-date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> The area is served by the [[Portland Streetcar]], the [[MAX Orange Line]] and four [[TriMet]] bus lines. This former industrial area sat as a [[brownfield]] prior to development in the mid-2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Sousa|first1=Christopher|last2=D'Souza|first2=Lily-Ann|year=2010|title=South Waterfront District, Portland, OR: A Sustainable Brownfield Revitalization Best Practice|journal=Sustainable Brownfields Consortium|citeseerx=10.1.1.593.1545}}</ref>

Southeast Portland is largely residential, and consists of several neighborhoods, including [[Hawthorne, Portland, Oregon|Hawthorne District]], [[Belmont, Portland, Oregon|Belmont]], [[Brooklyn, Portland, Oregon|Brooklyn]], and [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]]. [[Reed College]], a private liberal arts college that was founded in 1908, is located within the confines of Southeast Portland as is [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]], a volcanic landform.