Editing Pope Urban V (section)

==Papacy==
{{Main|Papal conclave, 1362}}
In September 1362, Grimoard was apostolic nuncio in Italy when [[Pope Innocent VI]] died. Exactly where he was when the news reached him summoning him to Avignon is unknown.  Naples is just a guess; other possibilities are Florence and Lombardy.<ref>Others indicate he was actually in Florence when the Pope died: {{cite book|author=Augustin Fabre|title=Histoire de Marseille|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIc5_QNv9cQC&pg=PA446|volume=Tome premier|year=1829|publisher=M. Olive|location=Marseille|language=fr|page=446}} The 'Third Life' of Urban V, by Petrus de Herentals, says: apud Lombardiam existente in legationem ('while serving on his Legation in Lombardy'). Baluze (1693), I, p. 413.</ref>

Pope Innocent VI died on 12 September 1362.  The Conclave to elect his successor opened on 22 September, the Feast of [[Saint Maurice]], in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon.  Twenty of the twenty-one cardinals were in attendance.  Only Cardinal Albornoz remained at his post in Italy.  Of the twenty cardinals eighteen were French in origin, six of them Limousin. Ten of the twenty-one cardinals were papal relatives. The influence of the Limousin cardinals was somewhat diminished since their homeland had recently become subject to English occupation, which frightened the thirteen cardinals who were subjects of the King of France.<ref>J. P. Adams, [http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1362.html ''Sede Vacante 1362''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217090327/http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1362.html |date=17 December 2020 }} Retrieved: 12 June 2016.</ref>  Both Cardinals Hélie de Talleyrand and Guy de Boulogne considered themselves to be electable.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Matteo Villani, the Florentine chronicler, says that fifteen cardinals were prepared to elect, or actually elected, Hugues Roger, OSB, a Limousin and the brother of Pope Clement VI, who was Chamberlain of the College of Cardinals.  Cardinal Hugues declined the offer.<ref>''Cronica'', Book XI, capitolo xxvi, p. 422 Dragomanni. Villani, however, says that there were twenty-one cardinals in the Conclave, and that it began on 28 September. One must question his reliability. Baluze (1693), I, p. 845.  This would indicate that the two successful candidates were both Benedictines.</ref>  Villani is the only source that reports this version of events. This story, moreover, contradicts the report of Jean de Froissart,<ref>''Chroniques'', Premier Livre, § 500; Volume II, p. 78-79 ed. Luce.</ref> who claims that a stalemate developed between Talleyrand and Guy de Boulogne, such that members of neither party could get the required two-thirds of the votes. It was apparently one of the Limousin Cardinals, Guillaume d'Aigrefeuille, who directed the attention of the cardinals to Abbot Guillaume Grimoard.<ref>Baluze (1693),  I, p. 376, "Prima Vita Gregorii XI".</ref> On 28 September, they elected Grimoard as the new Pope.<ref>Chaillan, the biographer of Urban V, pp. 22–23,  ignores the story of Villani about Hugues Roger in his narrative of the election of Guillaume Grimoard.</ref> He was not initially informed of the result; instead, he was requested to return immediately to Avignon to "consult" with the Conclave.  The cardinals feared the reaction of the Romans to the election of another French pope, and so kept the results of the election secret until Grimoard's arrival a month later, at the end of October. The Romans had been clamoring for some time for a Roman, or at least Italian, pope, and it was feared they would interfere with Guillaume's travel had they known of his election.<ref>This theory requires that Grimoard be south of Rome.  This theory ignores the possibility that other states in Italy would have preferred an Italian pope, and might have detained Grimoard.</ref> Upon his arrival, Grimoard accepted his election and took the pontifical name of Urban V.  When asked the reason for the selection of his new name, Grimoard was alleged to have said: "All the popes who have borne this name were saints".{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Grimoard was not even a bishop at the time of his election, and had to be [[episcopal consecration|consecrated]] before he could be crowned. This was done on 6 November by Cardinal [[Andouin Aubert]],<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', 243.</ref> the Bishop of Ostia,  a nephew of Grimoard's predecessor, Innocent VI. The Bishop of Ostia had the traditional right to consecrate a pope a bishop.  At the conclusion of the consecration Mass, Urban V was crowned. There is no record of who it was who placed the crown on his head.  The right to do so belonged to the cardinal protodeacon, who was Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugié, a nephew of Pope Clement VI.  Urban V was the sixth pope in the [[Avignon Papacy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Urban V kept on another papal nephew, Arnaud Aubert, the nephew of Pope Innocent VI.  He had been given the very important position of papal chamberlain, the head of the church's financial department, by his uncle in 1361.  He continued in that office throughout the reign of Urban V and also that of Gregory XI, until 1371.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Williman|first1=Daniel|title=Letters of Etienne Cambarou, Camerarius Apostolicus (1347–1361)|journal=Archivum Historiae Pontificiae|date=1977|volume=15|pages=195–215, at p. 196|jstor=23563813}}</ref> In addition to the management of the papal household, the office made Aubert the temporal vicar for the Pope in the diocese of Avignon and the administrator of the Comtat-Venaissin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Williman|first=Daniel|title=Calendar of the Letters of Arnaud Aubert, Camerarius Apostolicus 1361-1371|year=1992|isbn=9780888443694|location=Toronto|pages=36–37}}</ref>

In 1363–1364 the winter was so cold, especially in January, February and March, that the Rhone froze over to the extent that people and vehicles could travel across the ice.  The Pope, however, announced that he would excommunicate anyone who attempted to do so, fearing that people might accidentally fall in and be drowned.  Near Carcassonne, a man froze to death while travelling on his horse, though the horse was able to make it back to its accustomed stable with the dead man on its back.  Many of the poor, women, and children died of the cold.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, pp. 368, 418.</ref>

[[File:BologninoUrbanoV.jpg|left|thumb|240px|A ''[[bolognino]]'' of Urban V]]

===Reformer and patron of education===
As pope, Urban V continued to follow the discipline of the [[Benedictine Rule]] and to wear his [[monastic habit]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Urban V worked against absenteeism, pluralism and simony,  while seeking to improve clerical training and examination.<ref>Joëlle Rollo-Koster，Thomas M. Izbicki, ''A Companion to the Great Western Schism'', (Brill, Boston, 2009), 329.</ref>  It must be kept in mind, however, that, with the training of a monk, reform was a matter of return to ideal values and principles through discipline, not a matter of striking out with new solutions.  With the training of a lawyer, reform was a matter of codifying and enforcing established decisions and precedents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrović |first=Mišo |date=2021 |others=Katalin Szende |title=The development of the episcopal office in Medieval Croatia-Dalmatia : The cases of Split, Trogir and Zadar (1270-1420) |url=https://sierra.ceu.edu/record=b1437040 |journal=Central European University |pages=33 |doi=10.14754/CEU.2021.02}}</ref>

Pope Urban V introduced considerable reforms in the administration of justice and liberally patronized learning. He founded a university in [[Hungary]]. He granted the University of Pavia the status of Studium Generale (14 April 1363).<ref>{{cite book|editor=Tomassetti, Aloysius|title=Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCxOAQAAMAAJ|edition=Tomus IV|year=1859|publisher=Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus|location=Turin|language=la|page=519}}</ref> In [[University of Toulouse|Toulouse]], he granted the Theology Faculty the same rights as possessed by the University of Paris.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, p. 1057.</ref> In [[Montpellier]], he restored the school of [[medicine]]  and founded the [[University of Montpellier|College of Saint Benedict]], whose church, decorated with numerous works of art, later became the cathedral of the city. He founded a collegiate church in [[Quézac, Lozère|Quézac]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Louis Moréri|title=Le grand dictionaire historique: ou, Le mélange curieux de l'histoire sacreé et profane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAQ_AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA213|volume=Tome quatrieme (IV)|year=1740|publisher=Chez P. Brunel|location=Amsterdam|language=fr|page=213}}</ref> and a church and library in [[Ispagnac]].  On a hilltop near [[Bédouès]], the parish in which the Château de Grisac is situated, he built a church where the bodies of his parents were buried, and, we are informed by a papal bull of December 1363, he instituted a college of six canon-priests, along with a deacon and a subdeacon.<ref>{{cite book|author=Abbé Couderc|title=Notice sur l'église de Bédoués|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YaoPi8t6VygC&pg=PP1|year=1856|publisher=Imprimerie de J.-B. Cazaux|location=Toulouse|language=fr}} {{cite book|author=Félix Buffière|title=Ce tant rude Gévaudan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvWVMwEACAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Société des lettres sciences et arts de la Lozère|language=fr}}</ref>

Urban V issued a preliminary consent for the establishment of the university of [[Kraków]], which by September 1364 had gained full papal consent.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Jos. M. M. Hermans|author2=Marc Nelissen (edd.)|title=Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE-P0ffkTUoC|edition=second|date=January 2005|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven|language=en, la|isbn=978-90-5867-474-6|pages=60, 127}}</ref> He provided books and the best professors to more than 1,000 students of all classes. Around [[Rome]], he also planted [[vineyards]].{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

He imposed the penalty of excommunication on anyone who molested the Jews or attempted forcible conversion and baptism.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Tomassetti, Aloysius|title=Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCxOAQAAMAAJ|edition=Tomus IV|year=1859|publisher=Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus|location=Turin|language=la|pages=522–523}}</ref>

===Military campaigns===

The great feature of Urban V's reign was the effort to return the [[papacy]] to Rome and to suppress its powerful rivals for the temporal sovereignty there. He began by sending his brother, Cardinal Angelicus Grimoard, as [[papal legate|legate]] in northern Italy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Gino|title=Il Cardinale Angelico Grimoard e la sua opera di legato nella regione umbromarchigiana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNMrnQEACAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Deputazione di storia patria per l'Umbria|location=Perugia|language=it}}</ref>  In 1362 Urban ordered a crusade to be preached throughout [[Italy]] against Bernabò Visconti, Giangaleazzo Visconti and their kindred, accused as robbers of the church's estate. In March 1363 Bernabò was declared a heretic.<ref>Muratori, p. 10.</ref> However, Pope Urban found it necessary to purchase peace in March of the following year, sending the newly created Cardinal [[Androin de la Roche]], former Abbot of Cluny, as apostolic legate to Italy to arrange the business.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, p. 367.</ref> Then, through the mediation of [[Emperor Charles IV]], Urban lifted his excommunication against Bernabò, obtaining Bologna only after he signed a hasty peace that was highly favorable to Bernabò.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In May 1365 the Emperor Charles visited Avignon, where he appeared with the Pope in full imperial regalia.  He then proceeded to Arles, which was one of his domains, where he was crowned King by the Archbishop, [[Pierre de Murat de Cros|Pierre de Cros]], OSB.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, p. 370.</ref>

Urban V's greatest desire was that of a crusade against the Turks. In 1363, [[John II of France|King John II]] of France and [[Peter I of Cyprus#Tour of Europe|Peter I, the King of Cyprus]], came to Avignon, and it was decided that there should be a war against the Turks.<ref>Baluze's 'Third Life' of Pope Urban V,  derived from the continuation of the chronicle of Canon Werner,  states that the King of Cyprus entered Avignon on Wednesday 29 March, and took the cross on Holy Thursday; Baluze, I, p. 396.</ref> It was Urban and Peter who were most eager for the crusade; the French were exhausted by recent losses in the Hundred Years' War, and some of their leaders were still being held prisoner in England. The Pope held a special ceremony on Holy Saturday, 1363, and bestowed the crusader's cross on the two kings, and on Cardinal [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)|Hélie de Talleyrand]] as well.  John II was appointed Rector and Captain General of the expedition.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gm79HuBY0cC&pg=PA245|volume=I|year=1976|publisher=American Philosophical Society|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-87169-114-9|page=245}}</ref> Cardinal de Talleyrand was appointed apostolic legate for the expedition, but he died on 17 January 1364,  before the expedition could set out.<ref>Baluze, I, p. 779 [ed Mollat, II, p. 281].  Eubel, I, p. 16.</ref> Assembling the army proved an impossible task, and King John returned to prison in England.  He died in London on 8 April 1364.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, p. 386 ('Third Life of Urban V').</ref>
[[File:Urbain V by JM Rosier.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Urban V, [[Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille]]]]
King Peter of Cyprus, disappointed by King John's return to captivity in England and the death of Cardinal de Talleyrand, collected whatever soldiers he could, and  in 1365 launched a successful attack on [[Alexandria]] (11 October 1365).  Additional support was not forthcoming, however, and seeing that the enemy vastly outnumbered the crusaders, he ordered the sacking and burning of the city, and then withdrew.  He continued to harass the coasts of Syria and Egypt until he was assassinated in 1369. Urban, however, played no part in the crusade or its aftermath.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, p. 371-372.  {{cite book|author1=Richard Ernest Dupuy|author2=Trevor Nevitt Dupuy|title=The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5wOCyiM-mQC|year=1986|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-181235-4|page=386|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803004644/https://books.google.com/books?id=I5wOCyiM-mQC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Amadeus of Savoy and Louis of Hungary also put together a crusade in Urban's reign in 1366.  Initially they were successful, and Amadeus even captured [[Gallipoli]].  But despite initial successes, each was forced to withdraw.<ref>Dupuy and Dupuy, p. 389.</ref>

===To Rome and back===

Continued troubles in Italy, as well as pleas from figures such as [[Petrarch]] and [[Bridget of Sweden]], caused Urban V to set out for [[Rome]], only to find that his Vicar, Cardinal Albornoz, had just died.  He conducted the remains of the Cardinal to Assisi, where they were buried in the Basilica of Saint Francis.  The Pope reached the City of Rome on 16 October 1367, the first pope in sixty years to set foot in his own diocese.  He was greeted by the clergy and people with joy, and despite the satisfaction of being attended by the [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles IV]] in [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]], and of placing the crown upon the head of the [[Elizabeth of Pomerania|Empress Elizabeth]] (1 November 1368),<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', 244.</ref> it soon became clear that by changing the seat of his government he had not increased its power. In Rome he was nonetheless able to receive the homage of King [[Peter I of Cyprus]], Queen [[Joan I of Naples]], and the confession of faith by the Byzantine Emperor [[John V Palaeologus]].<ref>Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vasiliev, ''History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453'', Vol. 2, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1980), 671.</ref>  Bridget of Sweden, who was living in Rome and attempting to get approval for a new religious order,  the [[Bridgettines]],<ref>She had founded a community in Sweden in 1346, but had refused to follow the regulations of the IV Lateran Council, that new orders had to adopt the Rule of some already established Order. Finally, against her wishes, the nuns adopted the Rule of S. Augustine, though [[Pope Urban VI]] in 1378 allowed her rule to be incorporated in the Rule of S. Augustine. {{cite book|author=Philip Sheldrake|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPOft7krR84C&pg=PA157|year=2005|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Westminster KY USA|isbn=978-0-664-23003-6|page=157}}</ref> had actually appeared before the Pope at [[Montefiascone]] in 1370 as he was preparing to return to France, and, in the presence of Cardinal [[Pope Gregory XI|Pierre Roger de Beaufort]], the future pope, predicted the death of the Pope if he should leave Rome.<ref>Chaillan, pp. 197–198.</ref>

Unable any longer to resist the urgency of the French cardinals, and despite several cities of the Papal States still being in revolt, Urban V boarded a ship at [[Corneto]] heading for France on 5 September 1370, arriving back at [[Avignon]] on the 27th of the same month.{{sfn|Rollo-Koster|2008|p=181-182}} A few days later he fell severely ill. Feeling his death approaching, he asked that he might be moved from the Papal Palace to the nearby residence of his brother, [[Angel de Grimoard|Angelic de Grimoard]], whom he had made a cardinal, that he might be close to those he loved.<ref name="americancatholic.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1896 |title=Blessed Pope Urban V |website=Americancatholic.org |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721202022/http://www.americancatholic.org/features/saints/saint.aspx?id=1896 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He died there on 19 December 1370.<ref>Chaillan, pp. 202–204.</ref><ref name="Osborne1991">{{cite journal |last1=Osborne |first1=John |title=Lost Roman Images of Pope Urban V (1362-1370) for Julian Gardner |journal=Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte |date=1991 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=20–32 |doi=10.2307/1482514 |jstor=1482514 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1482514 |access-date=18 December 2020 |quote=Contemporary sources indicate that, within three days of Urban's death on 19 December 1370, word had begun to spread of miracles secured by his intervention, and those who had obtained his assistance began to bring wax votive images and candles which they deposited at his tomb. In 1372, Urban's remains were transferred from Avignonto the monastery of St. Victor at Marseilles, where he had formerly served as abbot. By this time his cult had become well known in southern France, and large crowds lined the route. Miracles accredited to Urban were soon being recorded in many parts of western Europe, from Flanders and Bohemia in the north, to Spain and Italy in the south, although the majority seem to have taken place in the vicinity of Marseilles, where the relics now reposed.}}</ref> He had been pope for eight years, one month, and nineteen days.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, p. 363.</ref>  His body was initially placed in the Chapel of John XXII in the Cathedral of S. Marie de Domps in Avignon. On 31 May 1371 his remains were transferred to  the monastery of Saint-Victor in Marseille, where he had built a splendid tomb for himself.<ref>Baluze (1693), I, pp. 413 and 417.</ref>