Editing Pope Gregory XVI (section)

===Governance of the papal states===
[[File:Pope Gregory XVI Visiting the Church of San Benedetto at Subiaco MET DP169610.jpg|thumb|Pope Gregory XVI visiting the Church of San Benedetto at [[Subiaco, Lazio]]. Painting by Jean-François Montessuy (1843)]]
Gregory XVI and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways,{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=276}} believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the [[bourgeoisie]], leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the [[Monarchy|monarchical]] power of the Pope over central Italy. Gregory XVI in fact banned railways in the Papal States, calling them ''chemins d'enfer'' ("road to [[hell]]", a play on the French for railroad, ''chemin de fer'', literally "iron road").{{sfn|Pham|2004|pp=20–21}}

The [[insurrection]]s at Viterbo in 1836, in various parts of the Legations in 1840, at [[Ravenna]] in 1843 and at [[Rimini]] in 1845, were followed by wholesale executions and draconian sentences of hard labour and [[exile]], but they did not bring the unrest within the Papal States under the control of the authorities.  Gregory XVI made great expenditures for defensive, architectural and engineering works, having a monument to Pope Leo XII built by Giuseppe Fabris in 1837.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=276}} He also lavished patronage on such scholars as [[Angelo Mai]], [[Giuseppe Mezzofanti]], and [[Gaetano Moroni]]. This largesse, however, significantly weakened the finances of the Papal States.

[[Image:GREGORYXVI.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to Gregory XVI in Saint Peter's Basilica]]