Editing Pope Clement VI (section)

===New cardinals===
One of the greatest ways in which a pope can reward his supporters is to raise them to the cardinalate.  On 20 September 1342, four months after his coronation, Clement VI held a Consistory for the creation of cardinals.  He appointed ten prelates, including three nephews, Hugues Roger, Ademar Roberti<ref>Lützelschwab, p. 424.</ref> and Bernard de la Tour d'Auvergne.<ref>Lützelschwab, pp. 437–438.</ref>  He also elevated [[Guy of Boulogne]], the archbishop of Lyon and son of Count [[Robert VII of Auvergne]], and [[Gerard de Daumar]], the master-general of the Dominicans and a papal cousin,<ref>{{cite book|author=Daniel Antonin Mortier|title=Histoire des maîtres généraux de l'Ordre des frères prêcheurs: 1324–1400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61sLAQAAIAAJ|volume=Tome troisième|year=1907|publisher=Picard|location=Paris|language=fr|pages=171–172}}</ref> who died a year after his creation, on 27 September 1343.  Five of his appointments were from his own native area of Limoges and one from Périgueux.  Only one was Italian, Andrea Ghini Malpighi, a Florentine, who died on 2 June 1343.  The College of Cardinals was now thoroughly French, with a strong accent of the Auvergne.<ref name="Eubel, I, p. 18">Eubel, I, p. 18.</ref>

On 19 May 1344 the two new cardinals who had died were replaced by two more Frenchmen: the Provençal [[Pierre Bertrand de Colombier|Pierre Bertrand]], the nephew of Cardinal Pierre Bertrand; and [[Nicolas de Besse]], yet another papal nephew.<ref name="Eubel, I, p. 18"/>

Like his immediate predecessors, Clement was devoted to France, and he demonstrated his French sympathies by refusing a solemn invitation to return to [[Rome]] from the city's people, as well as from the poet [[Petrarch]]. To placate the Romans, however, Clement VI issued the bull [[Unigenitus (1343)]] on 27 January 1343,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=F.L. |last2=Livningstone |first2=E.A. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192802903 |edition=3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903-e-7035 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Exeter, Eng. (Diocese)|title=Episcopal Registers|url=https://archive.org/details/registerjohndeg01abbegoog|year=1894|publisher=G. Bell|location=London|language=la|pages=[https://archive.org/details/registerjohndeg01abbegoog/page/n180 154]–155}}</ref> reducing the interval between one Great Jubilee and the next from 100 years to 50 years.  In the document he elaborated for the first time the power of the pope in the use of [[indulgences]].<ref name="Wood32-33">Diana Wood, ''Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope'', 32–33.</ref> This document would later be used by Cardinal Cajetan in the examination of [[Martin Luther]] and his [[95 Theses]] in his trial at Augsburg in 1518.<ref name="Wood32-33" />  By then, ''Unigenitus'' was firmly fixed in Canon Law, having been added in the collection called ''[[Extravagantes]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernhard Alfred R. Felmberg|title=De Indulgentiis: Die Ablasstheologie Kardinal Cajetans 1469–1534|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnKq4qbzqGkC&pg=PA302|year=1998|publisher=Brill|location=Boston-Leiden|language=de|isbn=978-90-04-11091-5|page=302}}</ref>

On 23 February 1343 Pope Clement appointed Pons Saturninus as his "Provisor of Works of the Palace", thereby beginning a program of construction and decoration that continued throughout his reign.  It was immediately clear that the Pope had no intention of returning to Rome, and that he intended to provide offices and quarters for the various organs of the Roman Curia in the Palace.  Pope Benedict XII, his predecessor, had built a palace, sufficiently accommodating for a Cistercian monk, but Pierre Roger had spent much of his career at the French Court and had imbibed its tastes for far greater display and ceremony. The Pope was, after all, a sovereign, and Clement intended to live and work in an appropriate state.  He commissioned the new Tower of the Garde-Robe, the Audience (for the Auditors of the Rota), the new Papal Chapel and the grand staircase that led to it, and the Tour de la Gache (where the ''Audientia contradictarum'', the appellate court for countersuits, had its offices).  He was also responsible for the two new entrance façades.<ref>Digonnet, pp. 197–198.</ref>

He also purchased the sovereignty of [[Avignon]] from Queen [[Joan I of Naples]] in 1348 for the sum of 80,000 crowns.<ref>Diana Wood, ''Clement VI: The Pontificate and Ideas of an Avignon Pope'', (Cambridge University Press, 1989), 49.  Fisquet, pp. 150–151.</ref>