Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

==Pacification of Rome==
Due to Arnold's presence in Rome, there were a number of acts of religious significance that it was impossible to perform, such as the ceremony of the {{lang|la|[[sede stercoraria]]}}, the physical claiming of the [[curule seat]]s of Saints Peter and Paul.{{sfn|Ullmann|1955|p=238}} Soon after Adrian's election, a cardinal was badly beaten up by Roman republicans.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Adrian was no more popular with the people or Commune of Rome than his immediate predecessors, so at Easter the next year he departed for [[Viterbo]]. His "primary task", argues Sayers, "was to control the Emperor" Frederick Barbarossa. Barbarossa had only recently been elected to the Imperial throne and for their own reasons, Pope and Emperor needed each other. Adrian needed Barbarossa's military support{{sfn|Sayers|2004}} against William (known as "The Bad"),{{sfn|Parry|1997|p=18}} [[William I of Sicily|King of Sicily]], who was threatening the [[Papal patrimony]].{{refn|During this period, the Norman [[Kingdom of Sicily]] comprised not just the island of [[Sicily]], but most of Southern Italy—[[Apulia]], [[Calabria]] and [[Longobardia]]—and [[Malta]]. Both the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire also claimed the region.{{sfn|Brown|2015|pp=11–12}}|group=note}} For his part, the Emperor needed Adrian to perform the traditional [[coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|imperial coronation service]].{{sfn|Sayers|2004}}

Adrian took a hard line against the Roman commune.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003b|p=31}} He threatened to place the city under [[Interdict (Catholic canon law)|interdict]] for protecting Arnold, whom the hierarchy condemned as a heretic.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=101}} This strategy successfully drove a wedge between the commune and Arnold, who was expelled.{{sfn|Duggan|2003a|p=153}} He followed through with this threat following the beating of one of his cardinals.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Norwich has called this "an act of breath-taking courage", considering that Adrian was a foreign Pope of only a few weeks' tenure, who "knew the city and its increasingly xenophobic inhabitants hardly at all and was able to rely on little or no popular support"{{sfn|Norwich|1970|p=172}}{{refn|This was not only a spiritual punishment for the city; the drying up of the [[pilgrimage]] industry during [[Lent]] led to economic hardship.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}|group=note}} on the [[Via Sacra]].{{sfn|Collins|2009|p=235}} Rome was forced to submit to the Pope, and Arnold of Brescia was expelled.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Although he had managed to restore Papal authority in the city, he was unable to eradicate the principle of republicanism, and the commune remained as the governing body.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=125}}

===Capture of Arnold===
Adrian angled for the support of the Emperor in capturing the heretic Arnold.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Arnold was captured by Imperial troops{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}} in summer 1155. Arrested and tried in a Papal court{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}} for rebellion rather than heresy, he was [[Hanging|hanged]] and his body burnt.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003b|p=32}} Adrian claimed that Arnold's execution had been on the initiative of the [[prefect]] of Rome, but some contemporary observers, such as [[Gerhoh of Reichersberg]], suspected Adrian of ordering the execution himself.{{sfn|Morris|1989|p=406}} The Emperor's willingness to assist the Pope in his own city, and help him crush his enemies, was an explicit recognition from Barbarossa of the Pope's possession of Rome.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=144}} Papal relations with the lords of Campania were already tense, as they, in the Pope's view, were little more than [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber barons]], who both fought among each other and robbed pilgrims from the south on their way to Rome.{{sfn|Eden|2006|p=293}}