Editing Political spectrum (section)

=== Milton Rokeach ===
Dissatisfied with Hans J. Eysenck's work, [[Milton Rokeach]] developed his own two-axis model of political values in 1973, basing this on the ideas of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]] and [[Social equality|equality]], which he described in his book, ''The Nature of Human Values''.<ref name="Rokeach">{{cite book|first=Milton|last=Rokeach|title=The nature of human values|url=https://archive.org/details/natureofhumanval00roke|url-access=registration|year=1973|publisher=Free Press}}</ref>

Rokeach claimed that the defining difference between the left and right was that the left stressed the importance of equality more than the right. Despite his criticisms of Eysenck's tough–tender axis, Rokeach also postulated a basic similarity between [[communism]] and [[Nazism]], claiming that these groups would not value freedom as greatly as more conventional [[Social democracy|social democrats]], [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialists]] and [[Capitalism|capitalists]] would and he wrote that "the two value model presented here most resembles Eysenck's hypothesis".<ref name="Rokeach"/>

To test this model, Rokeach and his colleagues used [[content analysis]] on works exemplifying Nazism (written by [[Adolf Hitler]]), communism (written by [[Vladimir Lenin]]), capitalism (by [[Barry Goldwater]]) and [[socialism]] (written by various authors). This method has been criticized for its reliance on the experimenter's familiarity with the content under analysis and its dependence on the researcher's particular political outlooks.

Multiple raters made frequency counts of sentences containing [[synonyms]] for a number of values identified by Rokeach—including freedom and equality—and Rokeach analyzed these results by comparing the relative frequency rankings of all the values for each of the four texts:
* Socialists (socialism) — freedom ranked 1st, equality ranked 2nd
* Hitler (Nazism) – freedom ranked 16th, equality ranked 17th
* Goldwater (capitalism) — freedom ranked 1st, equality ranked 16th
* Lenin (communism) — freedom ranked 17th, equality ranked 1st

Later studies using samples of American [[ideologue]]s<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rous, G.L.|author2=Lee, D.E.|title=Freedom and Equality: Two values of political orientation|journal=Journal of Communication|volume=28|pages=45–51|date=Winter 1978|doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01561.x}}</ref> and [[United States presidential inauguration|American presidential inaugural address]]es attempted to apply this model.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Mahoney, J.|author2=Coogle, C.L.|author3=Banks, P.D.|title=Values in presidential inaugural addresses: A test of Rokeach's two-factor theory of political ideology|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=55|pages=683–6|year=1984|url=http://ammonsscientific.com/link.php?N=7553|doi=10.2466/pr0.1984.55.3.683|issue=3|s2cid=145103089|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514224946/https://ammonsscientific.com/link.php?N=7553|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>