Editing Poaching (section)

== Effects ==
[[File:Rhino Killings.jpg|thumb|Memorial to rhinos killed by poachers near [[St Lucia Estuary]], South Africa]]
{{Further|Species affected by poaching}}
The detrimental effects of poaching can include:
* [[Defaunation]] of forests: [[predator]]s, [[herbivore]]s and fruit-eating [[vertebrate]]s cannot recover as fast as they are removed from a forest; as their populations decline, the pattern of [[seed predation]] and [[seed dispersal|dispersal]] is altered; tree species with large seeds progressively dominate a forest, while small-seeded plant species become [[Local extinction|locally extinct]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Redford |first=K. |title=The Empty Forest |journal=BioScience |date=1992 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=412–422 |jstor=1311860 |url=http://www.biology.ufl.edu/courses/pcb5356/2011fall/kitajima/Redford1992Biosci.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111203443/http://www.biology.ufl.edu/courses/pcb5356/2011fall/kitajima/Redford1992Biosci.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-11 |doi=10.2307/1311860 }}</ref>
* Reduction of animal populations in the wild and possible extinction.<ref>Harrison, R., Sreekar, R., Brodie, J. F., Brook, S. et al. "Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia" ''Conservation Biology'', Vol. 30. No. 5 (2016). pp. 972–981. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785]</ref>
* The effective size of protected areas is reduced as poachers use the edges of these areas as [[open-access resource]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dobson, A. |author2=Lynes, L. |year=2008 |title=How does poaching affect the size of national parks? |journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=177–180|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.019 |pmid=18313793 |bibcode=2008TEcoE..23..177D }}</ref>
* [[Wildlife tourism]] destinations face a negative publicity; those holding a permit for wildlife-based land uses, tourism-based tour and [[lodging]] operators lose income; employment opportunities are reduced.<ref name=Lindsey2012 />
* Emergence of [[zoonotic disease]]s caused by transmission of highly variable [[retrovirus]] chains:
** Outbreaks of the [[Ebola virus]] in the [[Congo Basin]] and in [[Gabon]] in the 1990s have been associated with the butchering of [[Pan (genus)|apes]] and consumption of their meat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Georges-Courbot |first1=M. C. |last2=Sanchez |first2=A. |last3=Lu |first3=C. Y. |last4=Baize |first4=S. |last5=Leroy |first5=E. |last6=Lansout-Soukate |first6=J. |last7=Tévi-Bénissan |first7=C. |last8=Georges |first8=A. J. |last9=Trappier |first9=S. G. | last10 = Zaki | first10 = S. R. |last11=Swanepoel |first11=R. |last12=Leman |first12=P. A. |last13=Rollin |first13=P. E. |last14=Peters |first14=C. J. |last15=Nichol |first15=S. T. |last16=Ksiazek |first16=T. G. |year=1997 |title=Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.3201/eid0301.970107 |pmid=9126445 |pmc=2627600}}</ref>
** The outbreak of [[SARS]] in [[Hong Kong]] is attributed to contact with and consumption of meat from [[masked palm civet]]s, [[raccoon dog]]s, [[Chinese ferret-badger]]s and other small carnivores that are available in [[southern China|southern Chinese]] wildlife markets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=D. |last2=Roberton |first2=S. |last3=Hunter |first3=P. R. |year=2004 |title=Animal origins of SARS coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=359 |issue=1447 |pages=1107–1114 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1492|pmc=1693393 |pmid=15306396}}</ref>
** Bushmeat hunters in [[Central Africa]] infected with the [[human T-lymphotropic virus]] were closely exposed to wild [[primate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wolfe, N. D. |author2=Heneine, W. |author3=Carr, J. K. |author4=Garcia, A. D. |author5=Shanmugam, V. |author6=Tamoufe, U. |author7=Torimiro, J. N. |author8=Prosser, A. T. |author9=Lebreton, M. |author10=Mpoudi-Ngole, E. |author11=McCutchan, F. E. |author12=Birx, D. L. |author13=Folks, T. M. |author14=Burke, D. S. |author15=Switzer, W. M. |year=2005 |title=Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102  |issue=22 |pages=7994–7999 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0501734102|pmid=15911757 |pmc=1142377 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.7994W |doi-access=free }}</ref>
** Results of research on wild [[central chimpanzee]]s in [[Cameroon]] indicate that they are naturally infected with the [[simian foamy virus]] and constitute a reservoir of [[HIV-1]], a precursor of the [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] in [[human]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keele |first1=B. F. |last2=Van Heuverswyn |first2=F. |last3=Li |first3=Y. |last4=Bailes |first4=E. |last5=Takehisa |first5=J. |last6=Santiago |first6=M. L. |last7=Bibollet-Ruche |first7=F. |last8=Chen |first8=Y. |last9=Wain |first9=L. V. | last10 = Liegeois | first10 = F. |last11=Loul |first11=S. |last12=Ngole |first12=E. M. |last13=Bienvenue |first13=Y. |last14=Delaporte |first14=E. |last15=Brookfield |first15=J. F. |last16=Sharp |first16=P. M. |last17=Shaw |first17=G. M. |last18=Peeters |first18=M. |last19=Hahn |first19=B. H. |year=2006 |title=Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue= 5786|pages=523–526 |doi=10.1126/science.1126531 |pmid=16728595 |pmc=2442710|bibcode=2006Sci...313..523K }}</ref>