Editing Placebo (section)

===Negative effects===
{{main|Nocebo}}

A phenomenon opposite to the placebo effect has also been observed. When an inactive substance or treatment is administered to a recipient who has an expectation of it having a ''negative'' impact, this intervention is known as a '''nocebo''' ([[Latin]] {{lang|la|nocebo}} = "I shall harm").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nocebo|title=nocebo|access-date=22 January 2017|publisher=Merriam-Webster Incorporated}}</ref> A '''nocebo effect''' occurs when the recipient of an inert substance reports a negative effect or a worsening of symptoms, with the outcome resulting not from the substance itself, but from negative expectations about the treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Häuser W, Hansen E, Enck P | title = Nocebo phenomena in medicine: their relevance in everyday clinical practice | journal = Deutsches Ärzteblatt International | volume = 109 | issue = 26 | pages = 459–65 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22833756 | pmc = 3401955 | doi = 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0459 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://priory.com/medicine/Nocebo.htm |title=The Nocebo Effect |publisher=Priory.com |date=10 February 2007 |access-date=2009-07-08}}</ref>

Another negative consequence is that placebos can cause [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side-effects]] associated with real treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shapiro AK, Chassan J, Morris LA, Frick R |year=1974 |title=Placebo induced side effects |journal=Journal of Operational Psychiatry |volume=6 |pages=43–6 |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1977-04006-001 }}</ref>

Withdrawal symptoms can also occur after placebo treatment. This was found, for example, after the discontinuation of the [[Women's Health Initiative]] study of [[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|hormone replacement therapy]] for [[menopause]]. Women had been on placebo for an average of 5.7 years. Moderate or severe [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal]] symptoms were reported by 4.8% of those on placebo compared to 21.3% of those on hormone replacement.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ockene JK, Barad DH, Cochrane BB, Larson JC, Gass M, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Manson JE, Barnabei VM, Lane DS, Brzyski RG, Rosal MC, Wylie-Rosett J, Hays J | title = Symptom experience after discontinuing use of estrogen plus progestin | journal = JAMA | volume = 294 | issue = 2 | pages = 183–93 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16014592 | doi = 10.1001/jama.294.2.183 | doi-access = free }}</ref>