Editing Piri Reis (section)

=== <span class="anchor" id="Book of Navigation"></span> ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' ===
{{main|Kitab-ı Bahriye}}
[[File:Piri ibn haji mehmed, corsica, nel kitab-i bahriye (libro delle cose del mare), 1590 ca. (bnf) 01.jpg|alt=Large book open with Arabic text on one page and a multicolor illustrated map opposite|thumb|upright=1.3|A copy open to the page on [[Corsica]]]]

The ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' ({{langx|ota|كتاب بحرية}}), or ''Book of the Sea'', is a navigational atlas.{{efn|Other translations of the title:
* ''Book of Maritime Matters''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Soucek-1992-p266"/>
* ''Book on Navigation''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73"/>
* ''Book of Navigation''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Goodrich-2004">{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004}}.</ref>}}<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> Piri Reis compiled navigational charts and notes into the most detailed portolan atlas of the sixteenth century.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73" /><ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1">{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004|loc=pt. 1}}.</ref> The ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of [[North Africa]] relies little on outside sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=277–279}}.</ref>

There are two versions of the book,<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> both dedicated to [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" />  The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521.{{efn|Soucek (1992) notes that work on the book began in 1511 around the same time as work on the 1513 world map.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=267}}.</ref> Soucek (2013) gives 1520 as the completion date.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=135}}.</ref> Hepworth (2005) says the book was "presented" in 1521.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73"/> Lepore, Piccardi, and Rombai (2013) say the book "appeared" in 1521.<ref>{{harvnb|Lepore|Piccardi|Rombai|2013|p=85}}.</ref>}} The second, expanded version was commissioned by the Grand Vizier and completed in 1526.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" />

The main part of both versions is a nautical guide to the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> Piri Reis says he composed an atlas because any single map has limited space for written details, and some "knowledge cannot be known from maps; it must be explained."<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> The chapters start at the [[Dardanelles]] and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=21–22}}.</ref> The maps have compass roses indicating North for each page.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p277">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=277}}.</ref><ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1" /> Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars.<ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1" /> Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p277" /> Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven [[galley]]s and [[galiot]]s, the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=273–274}}.</ref>

The second version begins with a longer introduction written in verse.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> This introduction offers information on storms, winds, navigating with a compass, navigating by the stars, reading portolan charts, and the [[ocean]]s.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> It includes information on recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the [[voyages of Christopher Columbus]] to the Americas and [[Vasco da Gama]]'s [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|discovery of a sea route to India]].<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> It offers the first detailed Ottoman description of the [[Indian Ocean]],<ref name="Casale-2010-p37"/> and gives special attention to [[Hormuz Island]] at the [[Strait of Hormuz|strait leading into the Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Soucek-2013-p139"/>

The book achieved fame only after Piri Reis' death.<ref name="Casale-2010-p186">{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=186}}.</ref> The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created beginning in the later 1500s.<ref name="Goodrich-2004"/> At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian.<ref>{{harvnb|Lepore|Piccardi|Rombai|2013|p=86}}.</ref>