Editing Permafrost (section)

=== Past extent of permafrost ===
At the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], continuous permafrost covered a much greater area than it does today, covering all of ice-free Europe south to about [[Szeged]] (southeastern [[Hungary]]) and the [[Sea of Azov]] (then dry land)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sidorchuk |first1=Aleksey |last2=Borisova |first2=Olga |last3=Panin |first3=Andrey |date=20 February 2001 |title=Fluvial response to the late Valdai/Holocene environmental change on the East European plain |url=http://www.fluvial-systems.net/present_en/global.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226230314/http://www.fluvial-systems.net/present_en/global.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2013 |journal=Quaternary International |volume=118–119 |issue=1–4 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00081-3 |bibcode=2001GPC....28..303S }}</ref> and East Asia south to present-day [[Changchun]] and [[Abashiri, Hokkaidō|Abashiri]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ono |first1=Yugo |last2=Irino |first2=Tomohisa |date=16 September 2003 |title=Southern migration of westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere PEP II transect during the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=Quaternary International |volume=118–119 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00128-9 }}</ref> In North America, only an extremely narrow belt of permafrost existed south of the [[ice sheet]] at about the latitude of [[New Jersey]] through southern [[Iowa]] and northern [[Missouri]], but permafrost was more extensive in the drier western regions where it extended to the southern border of [[Idaho]] and [[Oregon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malde |first1=Harold E. |date=1 March 1964 |title=Patterned Ground in the Western Snake River Plain, Idaho, and Its Possible Cold-Climate Origin |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159286331.pdf |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=191–208 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[191:PGITWS]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> In the [[Southern Hemisphere]], there is some evidence for former permafrost from this period in central [[Otago]] and [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Patagonia]], but was probably discontinuous, and is related to the tundra. Alpine permafrost also occurred in the [[Drakensberg]] during glacial maxima above about {{convert|3000|m|ft|-1}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grab |first1=Stefan |date=17 December 2001 |title=Characteristics and palaeoenvironmental significance of relict sorted patterned ground, Drakensberg plateau, southern Africa |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=21 |issue=14–15 |pages=1729–1744 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00149-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trombotto |first1=Dario |date=17 December 2001 |title=Inventory of fossil cryogenic forms and structures in Patagonia and the mountains of Argentina beyond the Andes |journal=South African Journal of Science |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159286331.pdf |volume=98 |pages=171–180 }}</ref>