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Peptic ulcer disease
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===Diet=== [[diet (nutrition)|Dietary]] factors, such as [[spice]] consumption, were hypothesized to cause ulcers until the late 20th century, but have been shown to be of relatively minor importance.<ref>For nearly 100 years, scientists and doctors thought that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy food, and alcohol. Treatment involved [[bed rest]] and a bland diet. Later, researchers added stomach acid to the list of causes and began treating ulcers with antacids. [http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hpylori/ National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705194833/http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hpylori/ |date=5 July 2006 }}</ref> [[Caffeine]] and [[coffee]], also commonly thought to cause or exacerbate ulcers, appear to have little effect.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W | title = How diet and lifestyle affect duodenal ulcers. Review of the evidence | journal = Canadian Family Physician | volume = 50 | pages = 727β32 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15171675 | pmc = 2214597 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first1 = Raphael | last1 = Rubin | first2 = David S. | last2 = Strayer | first3 = Emanuel | last3 = Rubin | title = Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine | publisher = Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-1-60547-968-2 | page = 623 | edition = Sixth | date = 2011-02-01 }}</ref> Similarly, while studies have found that alcohol consumption increases risk when associated with ''H. pylori'' infection, it does not seem to independently increase risk. Even when coupled with ''H. pylori'' infection, the increase is modest in comparison to the primary risk factor.<ref name=salih2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Salih BA, Abasiyanik MF, Bayyurt N, Sander E | title = H pylori infection and other risk factors associated with peptic ulcers in Turkish patients: a retrospective study | journal = World Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 13 | issue = 23 | pages = 3245β8 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17589905 | pmc = 4436612 | doi = 10.3748/wjg.v13.i23.3245 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name='Sonnenberg1981'>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sonnenberg A, MΓΌller-Lissner SA, Vogel E, Schmid P, Gonvers JJ, Peter P, Strohmeyer G, Blum AL | title = Predictors of duodenal ulcer healing and relapse | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 81 | issue = 6 | pages = 1061β7 | date = December 1981 | pmid = 7026344 | doi = 10.1016/S0016-5085(81)80012-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref group="nb">Sonnenberg in his study cautiously concludes that, among other potential factors that were found to correlate to ulcer healing, "moderate alcohol intake might [also] favor ulcer healing." (p. 1066)</ref>
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