Editing Pavia (section)

=== Modern History ===
In 1814, it again came under Austrian administration. In 1818 the works on the [[Naviglio Pavese]] were completed: the canal, conceived as a waterway between Milan, Pavia and Ticino and as an irrigation canal, contributed to the development of the city, so much so that a few years after its construction, in 1821, Borgo Calvenzano was built behind the [[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti Castle]], a long series of arcaded buildings where there were warehouses, taverns, shipping and customs offices, hotels, stables, all in support of inland navigation. In 1820 the first steamships began to operate in the Pavia dock and, between 1854 and 1859, the [[Österreichischer Lloyd]] organized a regular navigation line, again using steamships, between Pavia, [[Venice]] and [[Trieste]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cherini.eu/pdf/ponav.pdf|title=LA NAVIGAZIONE SUL FIUME PO E IL CONTRIBUTO DEL LLOYD AUSTRIACO|work=Associazione Marinara «Aldebaran» Trieste |access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> With the [[Second War of Italian Independence]] (1859) and the [[unification of Italy]] one year later, Pavia passed, together with the rest of Lombardy, to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. In 1894 [[Albert Einstein]]'s father moved to Pavia to start a business supplying electrical materials, the Einstein. The Einsteins lived in the city in the same building ([[Palazzo Cornazzani]]) where [[Ugo Foscolo]] and [[Ada Negri]] had lived. The young Albert came to the family several times between 1895 and 1896. During his time in Italy he wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museoperlastoria.unipv.it/en/albert-einstein-2/ |title=Einstein, Albert|work=Museo per la Storia dell'Università|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>
In 1943 Pavia was occupied by the German army. In September 1944, the US air forces carried out several bombings on the city with the aim of destroying the three bridges over the Ticino, strategic for supplying men. Weapons and provisions the German units engaged along the [[Gothic Line|Gothic line]]. These operations led to the destruction of the [[Ponte Coperto]] and resulted in the deaths of 119 civilians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gracpiacenza.com/bombe_su_pavia.html|title=Tre ponti a Pavia, le incursioni aeree del settembre 1944 e la distruzione del Ponte Vecchio di Pavia|work=Gruppo Ricercatori Aerei Caduti Piacenza|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref> [[File:Confluente di Pavia, 1859 circa.jpg|left|thumb|The port at the confluence of the [[Naviglio Pavese]] in [[Ticino (river)|Ticino]] with the steamship Countess Clementine, around 1859, [[Pavia Civic Museums]]]]Allied troops entered the city on April 30, 1945. At the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum|institutional referendum of 2 June 1946]] Pavia assigned 67.1% of the votes to the Republic, while the monarchy obtained only 38.2%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=02/06/1946&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=4&levsut1=1&lev2=57&levsut2=2&lev3=1070&levsut3=3&ne1=4&ne2=57&ne3=571070&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S|title=Referendum 02/06/1946 Area ITALIA Circoscrizione MILANO-PAVIA Provincia PAVIA Comune PAVIA|language=it|work=Elezioni storico Interno Gov.it|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>