Editing Parma (section)

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===

In Parma, the average annual high temperature is {{convert|17|°C|0}}, the annual low temperature is {{convert|9|°C|0}}, and the annual precipitation is {{convert|777|mm|2|abbr=off}}.

The following data comes from the weather station located at the university in the city center. It is affected by the [[urban heat island]] phenomenon. Parma has a [[mid-latitude]], four-season [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') with heavy [[humid continental climate|continental influences]] due to the city's inland position. Relatively nearby coastal areas like [[Genoa]] have far milder climates with cooler summers and milder winters, with the mountains separating Parma from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] acting as a barrier to the sea air. The city receives approximately 45&nbsp;cm of snow each winter.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Parma (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1878–present)
|Jan record high C = 24.6
|Feb record high C = 23.7
|Mar record high C = 28.6
|Apr record high C = 32.5
|May record high C = 35.7
|Jun record high C = 39.2
|Jul record high C = 40.2
|Aug record high C = 40.4
|Sep record high C = 36.1
|Oct record high C = 33.3
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 23.4
|Jan record low C = -18.0
|Feb record low C = -15.0
|Mar record low C = -7.5
|Apr record low C = -2.0
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 6.5
|Jul record low C = 11.0
|Aug record low C = 9.6
|Sep record low C = 6.3
|Oct record low C = -1.8
|Nov record low C = -9.1
|Dec record low C = -14.8
|Jan high C = 6.8
|Feb high C = 9.8
|Mar high C = 15.4
|Apr high C = 19.3
|May high C = 24.4
|Jun high C = 29.0
|Jul high C = 31.6
|Aug high C = 31.1
|Sep high C = 25.4
|Oct high C = 18.6
|Nov high C = 11.9
|Dec high C = 7.2
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 3.2
|Feb mean C = 5.1
|Mar mean C = 9.8
|Apr mean C = 13.9
|May mean C = 18.7
|Jun mean C = 23.0
|Jul mean C = 25.4
|Aug mean C = 25.1
|Sep mean C = 20.3
|Oct mean C = 14.4
|Nov mean C = 11.0
|Dec mean C = 5.1
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -0.4
|Feb low C = 0.5
|Mar low C = 4.3
|Apr low C = 8.5
|May low C = 13.0
|Jun low C = 17.0
|Jul low C = 19.1
|Aug low C = 19.0
|Sep low C = 14.9
|Oct low C = 10.5
|Nov low C = 5.4
|Dec low C = 0.7
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 43.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 50.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 80.1
|May precipitation mm = 73.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 61.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 28.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 51.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 70.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 104.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 98.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 60.5
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7
| Feb precipitation days = 7
| Mar precipitation days = 8
| Apr precipitation days = 9
| May precipitation days = 9
| Jun precipitation days = 7
| Jul precipitation days = 4
| Aug precipitation days = 5
| Sep precipitation days = 6
| Oct precipitation days = 9
| Nov precipitation days = 9
| Dec precipitation days = 8
| year precipitation days =
| source 1 = Arpae Emilia-Romagna<ref name=Clim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.arpae.it/it/temi-ambientali/clima/dati-e-indicatori/tabelle-climatiche/tabelle-climatologiche-1961-2020
| title = Tabelle climatologiche
| publisher= Arpae Emilia-Romagna agenzia prevenzione ambiente energia
| access-date = 30 June 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Temperature estreme in Toscana (extremes)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-storiche/parma-osservatorio-universita/
|language = it
|title=Parma Osservatorio dell’Università
| publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
| access-date = 30 November 2024}}</ref> Climi e viaggi (precipitation days)<ref name=ISPRAClim>{{cite web
| url = https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/parma
| title = Clima - Parma (Emilia Romagna)
| publisher= Climi e viaggi
| access-date = 30 November 2024}}</ref>
}}

===Main sights===

[[File:San Giovanni Evangelista.JPG|thumb|Late [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] façade of the church of San Giovanni Evangelista, by [[Simone Moschino]] (1604), with sculpture by Giambattista Carra da Bissone<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monasterosangiovanni.com/chiesa.html |title=Monastero di San Giovanni, la chiesa  |language=it}}</ref>]]

[[File:Chiesa di San Francesco del Prato (Parma) - facciata 2 2022-08-06.jpg|thumb|Façade of the church of San Francesco]]

[[File:Parma Opera e Biciclette.jpg|thumb|Opera house programme near [[Teatro Regio (Parma)|Teatro Regio]]]]

====Religious buildings====
*''[[Parma Cathedral]]'': [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] church houses a 12th-century sculpture by [[Benedetto Antelami]] and a 16th-century fresco masterpiece by [[Antonio da Correggio]].
*''[[Baptistery of Parma|Baptistery]]'': construction began in 1196 by Antelami, stands adjacent to the cathedral.
*''[[San Giovanni Evangelista, Parma|San Giovanni Evangelista]]'': Abbey church originally constructed in the 10th century behind the cathedral's apse, rebuilt in 1498 and 1510. It has a late [[Mannerism|Mannerist]] façade and a bell tower designed by [[Simone Moschino]]. The cupola is frescoed with an influential masterpiece of the Renaissance:  the ''[[Vision of St. John the Evangelist (Correggio)|Vision of St. John the Evangelist]]'' (1520–1522) by Correggio which heralded illusionistic perspective ceilings. Cloisters and library are also notable.
*''[[Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata]]''.
*''[[Sant'Uldarico, Parma]]'' (1411).
*''[[San Paolo, Parma]]'': (11th century): former Benedictine convent houses Correggio's frescoes in the ''[[Camera di San Paolo]]'' (1519–1520), and works by [[Alessandro Araldi]].
*''[[San Francesco del Prato, Parma|San Francesco del Prato]]'': (13th century) [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church served as jail from Napoleonic era until 1990s, during which the 16 windows in the façade were opened. The Oratory of the Concezione houses frescoes by [[Michelangelo Anselmi]] and [[Francesco Rondani]]. 
*''[[Santa Croce, Parma|Santa Croce]]'': 12th-century church in [[romanesque architecture|Romanesque style]], had a nave and two aisles with a semicircular apse. Rebuilt in 1415 and again in 1635–1666. The frescoes in the nave by [[Giovanni Maria Conti]], [[Francesco Reti]] and [[Antonio Lombardi]]) date to this period.
*''[[San Sepolcro, Parma|San Sepolcro]]'': church built in 1275 over a pre-existing religious building. Interiors were largely renovated in 1506, 1603 and finally 1701. The Baroque bell tower was built in 1616 and the bells were completed in 1753. Adjacent is a former monastery (1493–1495) of the Regular Canons of the Lateran.
*''[[Santa Caterina d'Alessandria, Parma|Santa Caterina d'Alessandria]]'': 14th-century church.
*''[[Santa Maria del Quartiere, Parma|Santa Maria del Quartiere]]'' (1604–1619): church characterized by an unusual hexagonal plan. The cupola is decorated with frescoes by [[Pier Antonio Bernabei]] and pupils.
*''[[San Rocco, Parma|San Rocco]]'': late Baroque style church rebuilt in 1754 and dedicated to one of Parma's patron saints.
*''[[Santa Cristina, Parma|Santa Cristina]]''

====Secular buildings====
* ''[[Palazzo della Pilotta]]'' (1583): it houses the Academy of Fine Arts with artists of the [[School of Parma (Painting)|School of Parma]], the [[Biblioteca Palatina|Palatine Library]], the [[Galleria Nazionale di Parma|National Gallery]], the Archaeological Museum, the Bodoni Museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.briarpress.org/1835 |title=Bodoni Museum |access-date=2009-10-23 |work=briar press official website |publisher=briar press }}</ref> and the [[Teatro farnese|Farnese Theatre]]. It was partially destroyed during [[World War II]].
*''Palazzo del Giardino'', built from 1561 for Duke [[Ottavio Farnese]] on a design by [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]]. Built on the former Sforza castle area, it was enlarged in the 17th–18th centuries. It includes the ''Palazzo Eucherio Sanvitale'', with interesting decorations dating from the 16th centuries and attributed to Gianfrancesco d'Agrate, and a fresco by [[Parmigianino]]. Annexed is the Ducal Park also by Vignola. It was turned into a French-style garden in 1749.
*''[[Palazzo del Comune, Parma|Palazzo del Comune]]'' municipal offices, built in 1627.
*''[[Palazzo del Governatore, Parma|Palazzo del Governatore]]'' ("Governor's Palace"), dating from the 13th century.
*''Bishop's Palace'' (1055).
*''Ospedale Vecchio'' ("Old Hospital"), created in 1250 and later renovated in Renaissance times.
* [[Palazzo Tarasconi, Parma]]

====Other sites of interest====
*The ''Cittadella'', a large fortress erected in the 16th century by order of Duke [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alessandro Farnese]], close to the old walls.
*''Pons Lapidis'' (also known as Roman Bridge or Theoderic's Bridge): Ruins of Ancient Roman stone bridge dating from the reign of [[Augustus]].
*''[[Orto Botanico di Parma]]'': [[botanical garden]] maintained by the [[University of Parma]].
*''[[Teatro Farnese]]'': theater built 1618–1619 by [[Giovan Battista Aleotti]], totally in wood. It was commissioned by [[Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma|Duke Ranuccio I]] for the visit of [[Cosimo I de' Medici]].
*''[[Teatro Regio di Parma|Teatro Regio]]'' ("Royal Theatre"): city opera house built 1821–1829 by [[Nicola Bettoli]]. It has a Neo-Classical facade and a porch with double window order. 
*''Auditorium [[Niccolò Paganini]]'', designed by [[Renzo Piano]].
* Museum House of [[Arturo Toscanini]], where the musician was born.
*[[Museo Lombardi]]. It exhibits a prestigious collection of art and historical items regarding [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Maria Luigia]] of [[Habsburg]] and her first husband [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]; important works and documents concerning the Duchy of Parma in the 18th and 19th centuries are also kept by the Museum.