Editing Parliament (section)

====Civil War and beyond====
The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], and again at the [[Glorious Revolution]]. It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent [[parliamentary procedure]].

The rise of Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran the country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest – a fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and [[Edward I of England|Edward]]'s reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions.

Much of this compliance stemmed from how the English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but a single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential, members."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Monaghan |first1=E. Jennifer |title=Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America |date=2002 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press}}</ref>

[[File:Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_280_tcm4-569959.jpg|thumb|The statue of [[Oliver Cromwell]], as it stands outside the House of Commons at the Palace of Westminster]]

Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid 16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A [[English Civil War|series of conflicts]] between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] in 1649. For a brief period, England became a [[Commonwealth of England|commonwealth]], with [[Oliver Cromwell]] the de facto ruler, with the title of [[Lord Protector]]. Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions.

A controversial figure notorious for [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|his actions in Ireland]], Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zttpsbk |title = Was Oliver Cromwell the father of British democracy? |publisher=BBC |work= iWonder |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151121190743/https://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/zttpsbk |archive-date= Nov 21, 2015 }}</ref> The years of the Commonwealth, coupled with the [[Restoration (1660)|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660 and the subsequent [[Glorious Revolution|Glorious Revolution of 1688]], helped reinforce and strengthen Parliament as an institution separate from the Crown.