Editing Paris (section)

==Geography==
===Location===
{{Main|Geography of Paris}}
[[File:Paris,_France_ESA24382977.jpeg|thumb|A 2022 satellite image of Paris, by ESA's [[Sentinel-2]] mission]]
Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river [[Seine]], whose crest includes two islands, the [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the larger [[Île de la Cité]], which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the [[English Channel]] (''La Manche'') is about {{cvt|233|mi}} downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river.<ref name=City>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |title=Paris |access-date=4 July 2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707083834/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/443621/Paris |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is {{cvt|35|m}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is [[Montmartre]] at {{cvt|130|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Blackmore|McConnachie|2004|p=153}}

Excluding the outlying parks of [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]], Paris covers an oval measuring about {{cvt|87|km2}} in area, enclosed by the {{cvt|35|km|adj=on}} ring road, the [[Boulevard Périphérique]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} Paris' last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of {{cvt|78|km2}}, the city limits were expanded marginally to {{cvt|86.9|km2}} in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about {{cvt|105|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |website=Mairie de Paris |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |title=Key figures for Paris |publisher=Paris.fr |date=15 November 2007 |access-date=5 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306220509/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8125&document_type_id=5&document_id=29918&portlet_id=18748 |archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref> The metropolitan area is {{cvt|2300|km2}}.<ref name=City/>

Measured from the [[Kilometre zero#France|'point zero']] in front of its [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame cathedral]], Paris by road is {{cvt|450|km}} southeast of London, {{cvt|287|km}} south of [[Calais]], {{cvt|305|km}} southwest of [[Brussels]], {{cvt|774|km}} north of [[Marseille]], {{cvt|385|km}} northeast of [[Nantes]], and {{cvt|135|km}} southeast of [[Rouen]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/48°51'24.1%22N+2°21'02.9%22E/@48.8567,2.3508,24716m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d48.8567!4d2.3508?hl=en Google Maps] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111052823/https://www.google.com/maps/place/48 |date=11 January 2019 }}, Retrieved 6 July 2013</ref>

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Paris}}
[[File:Paris raining autumn cityscape (8252181936).jpg|thumb|Autumn in Paris]]

Paris has an [[oceanic climate]] within the [[Köppen climate classification]], typical of western Europe. This climate type features cool winters, with frequent rain and overcast skies, and mild to warm summers. Very hot and very cold temperatures and weather extremes are rare in this type of climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308094732/http://www.paris.com/tourism/climate |archive-date=8 March 2013 |title=Climate |publisher=Paris.com |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{fv|reason=Much of this paragraph is unsourced. The source actually states that there are occasional heat waves, not that weather extremes are rare|date=November 2024}}

Summer days are usually mild and pleasant, with average temperatures between {{cvt|15|and|25|°C|°F}}, and a fair amount of sunshine.{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=309}} Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above {{cvt|32|C}}. Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the [[2003 European heat wave|heat wave of 2003]] when temperatures exceeded {{cvt|30|°C}} for weeks, reached {{cvt|40|°C}} on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.{{sfn|Goldstein|2005|p=8}}

Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and cool nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |title=Climate in Paris |publisher=Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |website=ParisInfo |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205162747/http://en.parisinfo.com/practical-paris/useful-info/climate |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> In winter, sunshine is scarce. Days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around {{cvt|3|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Courtney Traub |date=31 January 2018 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |title=Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011030400/https://www.tripsavvy.com/visiting-paris-in-the-winter-1618789 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below {{cvt|-5|°C}}. Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kelby Carr |date=30 November 2017 |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |title=Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities |website=tripsavvy |access-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100742/https://www.tripsavvy.com/weather-in-france-1517972#step4 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris has an average annual precipitation of {{cvt|641|mm|in|1}}, and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|42.6|°C}}, on 25 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu ! |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |website=meteofrance.fr |publisher=Météo France |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725135102/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74506889-42-4-c-a-paris-record-absolu-de-chaleur-battu |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest was {{cvt|-23.9|°C}}, on 10 December 1879.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |title=Géographie de la capitale – Le climat |publisher=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques |via=Paris.fr |access-date=24 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225432/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>
{{Paris weatherbox}}