Editing Palladium (section)

==Occurrence==
[[File:2005palladium (mined).PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|Palladium output in 2005]]
As overall mine production of palladium reached 210,000 kilograms in 2022, [[Russia]] was the top producer with 88,000 kilograms, followed by South Africa, Canada, the U.S., and Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite report |author=U. S. Geological Survey |date=2023 |title=Mineral commodity summaries 2023 |page=210 |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2023 |language=en |doi=10.3133/mcs2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Russia's company [[Norilsk Nickel]] ranks first among the largest palladium producers globally, accounting for 39% of the world's production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nornickel.com/news-and-media/press-releases-and-news/norilsk-nickel-group-announces-preliminary-consolidated-production-results-for-4-th-quarter-and-full-2016-and-production-outlook-for-2017/?sphrase_id=316142 |title="Norilsk Nickel" Group announces preliminary consolidated production results for 4 th quarter and full 2016, and production outl |website=Nornickel |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629183059/https://www.nornickel.com/news-and-media/press-releases-and-news/norilsk-nickel-group-announces-preliminary-consolidated-production-results-for-4-th-quarter-and-full-2016-and-production-outlook-for-2017/?sphrase_id=316142 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <!--In 2005, Russia was the top producer of palladium, with at least 50% world share, followed by South Africa, Canada and the U.S., reports the [[British Geological Survey]].<ref name="BGS">{{cite book |first1=L. E. |last1=Hetherington |first2=T. J. |last2=Brown |first3=A. J. |last3=Benham |first4=T. |last4=Bide |first5=P. A. J. |last5=Lusty |first6=V. L. |last6=Hards |first7=S. D. |last7=Hannis |first8=N. E. |last8=Idoine |title=World mineral statistics British Geological Survey |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1388 |place=Keyworth, Nottingham |page=88}}</ref>-->

Palladium can be found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other [[platinum-group]] metals in [[placer mining|placer]] deposits of the [[Ural Mountains]], [[Australia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. For the production of palladium, these deposits play only a minor role. The most important commercial sources are [[nickel]]-[[copper]] deposits found in the [[Sudbury Basin]], [[Ontario]], and the [[Norilsk|Norilsk–Talnakh]] deposits in [[Siberia]]. The other large deposit is the [[Merensky Reef]] platinum group metals deposit within the [[Bushveld Igneous Complex]] [[South Africa]]. The [[Stillwater igneous complex]] of [[Montana]] and the Roby zone ore body of the [[Lac des Îles igneous complex]] of Ontario are the two other sources of palladium in Canada and the United States.<ref name="USGS07CS" /><ref name="USGS07YB">{{cite web |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/myb1-2007-plati.pdf |title=Platinum-Group Metals |date=January 2007 |work=Mineral Yearbook 2007 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref> Palladium is found in the rare minerals [[cooperite (mineral)|cooperite]]<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=1994 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |title=Compositional variation of cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite from the Bushveld Complex |first1=Sabine M. C. |last1=Verryn |first2=Roland K. W. |last2=Merkle |doi=10.1180/minmag.1994.058.391.05 |bibcode=1994MinM...58..223V |citeseerx=10.1.1.610.640 |s2cid=53128786}}</ref> and [[polarite]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Genkin |first1=A. D. |last2=Evstigneeva |first2=T. L. |date=1986 |title=Associations of platinum- group minerals of the Norilsk copper-nickel sulfide ores |journal=Economic Geology |volume=81 |pages=1203–1212 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.81.5.1203 |issue=5 |bibcode=1986EcGeo..81.1203G}}</ref> Many more Pd minerals are known, but all of them are very rare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/ |title=Mindat.org - Mines, Minerals and More |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>

Palladium is also produced in [[nuclear fission]] reactors and can be extracted from [[spent nuclear fuel]] (see [[synthesis of precious metals]]), though this source for palladium is not used. None of the existing [[nuclear reprocessing]] facilities are equipped to extract palladium from the [[high-level radioactive waste]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel. Part I PART I: General Considerations and Basic Chemistry |url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/pdf/pmr-v47-i2-074-087.pdf |first1=Zdenek |last1=Kolarik |first2=Edouard V. |last2=Renard |journal=Platinum Metals Review |volume=47 |issue=2 |date=2003 |pages=74–87 |doi=10.1595/003214003X4727487}}</ref> A complication for the recovery of palladium in spent fuel is the presence of {{chem|107|Pd}}, a slightly radioactive [[long-lived fission product]]. Depending on end use, the radioactivity contributed by the {{chem|107|Pd}} might make the recovered palladium unusable without a costly step of [[isotope separation]].