Editing Pakistan (section)

=== Independence ===
{{main|Pakistan Movement}}
{{further|Indian independence movement|Partition of India}}

[[File:Partition of India 1947 en.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[partition of India]]: green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India. The darker-shaded regions represent the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] provinces partitioned by the Radcliffe Line. The grey areas represent some of the key [[princely state]]s that were eventually integrated into India or Pakistan.]]
The [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 elections]] saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance.{{R|Mohiuddin-2007-1}} Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian Muslims,{{sfn|Hoodbhoy|2023}} compelled the British to consider their stance, despite their [[Opposition to the partition of India|reluctance to partition India]]. In a final attempt to prevent partition, they proposed the [[Cabinet Mission Plan]].{{R|Mohiuddin-2007-2}}

As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule by June 1948.{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|page=309}}{{sfn|Markovits|2012}} Following rigorous discussions involving [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten of Burma]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] of the [[All-India Muslim League]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] of Congress, the formal declaration to partition British India into two independent dominions—namely Pakistan and India—was issued by Mountbatten on the evening of 3 June 1947. In Mountbatten's oval office, the prime ministers of around a dozen major princely states gathered to receive their copies of the plan before its worldwide broadcast. At 7:00 P.M., [[All India Radio]] transmitted the public announcement, starting with the viceroy's address, followed by individual speeches from Nehru, and Jinnah. The founder of Pakistan [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] concluded his address with the slogan ''Pakistan Zindabad'' (Long Live Pakistan).{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|pages=328–329}}

As the United Kingdom agreed to the [[Partition of India|partitioning of India]],{{sfn|Wolpert|1984|pages=328–329}} the modern state of Pakistan was established on [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|14 August 1947]] {{small|(27th of [[Ramadan]] in 1366 of the [[Islamic Calendar]], considered to be the most blessed date from an Islamic perspective)}}.{{sfn|Hasanie|2013}}{{sfn|Akbarzadeh|2020}} This new nation amalgamated the [[Islam in India|Muslim-majority]] eastern and [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|northwestern regions]] of [[British India]], comprising the provinces of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[East Bengal]], the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]], and Sindh.{{sfn|Cohen|2004|page=6}}

In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions.{{refn|name="Riots-1"}} Around 50,000 Muslim women were [[Violence against women during the partition of India|abducted and raped]] by Hindu and Sikh men, while 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims.{{refn|name="Riots-2"}} Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India.{{R|Hasan-Raza-2009}} It was the largest mass migration in human history.{{sfn|Riggs|2024}} A subsequent dispute over the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] eventually sparked the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]].{{sfn|Bhaumik|1996}}