Editing Oud (section)

==Types==

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===Arabian oud, Turkish oud, and Persian barbat===
Modern-day ouds fall into three categories: [[Arab world|Arabian]], [[Turkey|Turkish]], and [[Iran|Persian]], the last also being known as [[barbat (lute)|barbat]].<ref name=majnunn>{{cite web |url=https://majnuunmusicanddance.com/persian-oud-barbat/ |title=Persian Oud – Barbat |last=Goldrick |first=Navid |date=16 August 2013 |website=majnunn music and dance |access-date=31 March 2018 |quote=Because of these efforts the Arabic Oud and the Barbat are now once again part of the Iranian musical landscape. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204085552/https://majnuunmusicanddance.com/persian-oud-barbat/ |archive-date=4 December 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This distinction is not based solely on geography; the Arabic oud is found not only in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] but throughout the Arab world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sonsdelorient.com/en/cordes/oud.html |title= Oud |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= sonsdelorient.com|access-date=9 August 2018 }}</ref> Turkish ouds have been played by [[Anatolian Greeks]], where they are called outi, and in other locations in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.arabinstruments.com/types-of-ouds |title= Types of ouds |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=arabinstruments.com |access-date=9 August 2018 }}</ref> The [[Iraq]]i oud, [[Egypt]]ian oud and [[Syrian]] oud, are normally grouped under the term 'Arabian oud' because of their similarities, although local differences may occur, notably with the Iraqi oud.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oudforguitarists.com/types-of-ouds-ultimate-oud-buyers-guide-1/|title=Types of Ouds : The Ultimate Oud Buyers' Guide Part 1 – Oud for Guitarists|date=2013-09-17|newspaper=Oud for Guitarists|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> However, all these categories are very recent, and do not do justice to the variety of ouds made in the 19th century, and also today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oudmigrations.com/2016/03/08/journeys-of-ottoman-ouds/|title=The journeys of Ottoman ouds|date=2016-03-08|website=oudmigrations|access-date=2016-04-26 |author1=Oudadmin }}</ref>

Arabian ouds are normally larger than their Turkish and Persian counterparts, producing a fuller, deeper sound, whereas the sound of the Turkish oud is more taut and shrill, not least because the Turkish oud is usually (and partly) tuned [[major second|one whole step]] higher than the Arabian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oudcafe.com/stringing_and_tuning.htm|title=OUD CAFE – Stringing & Tuning|website=www.oudcafe.com|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> Turkish ouds tend to be more lightly constructed than Arabian with an [[Wood finishing|unfinished]] [[sound board (music)|sound board]], lower [[action (music)|string action]] and with [[course (music)|string courses]] placed closer together. Turkish ouds also tend to be higher pitched and have a "brighter timbre".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabinstruments.com/about-the-turkish-oud |title=About the Turkish oud|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= arabinstruments.com|access-date= 9 August 2018}}</ref> Arabian ouds have a [[scale length (string instruments)|scale length]] of between 61&nbsp;cm and 62&nbsp;cm in comparison to the 58.5&nbsp;cm scale length for Turkish. There exists also a variety of electro-acoustic and electric ouds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oudforguitarists.com/types-of-ouds-ultimate-oud-buyers-guide-1/|title=Types of Ouds : The Ultimate Oud Buyers' Guide Part 1 – Oud for Guitarists|date=17 September 2013|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

The modern Persian barbat resembles the oud, although differences include a smaller body, longer neck, a slightly raised fingerboard, and a sound that is distinct from that of the oud.<ref name=majnunn/> See more information at the page: [[Barbat (lute)]].

The [[cümbüş]] is a Turkish instrument that started as a hybrid of the oud and the [[banjo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cümbüş|url=http://www.campin.me.uk/Music/Cumbus/|access-date=2020-10-12|website=www.campin.me.uk}}</ref>

=== Tuning ===
[[File:Oud open Strings.ogg|thumb|The [[Musical tuning#Open strings|open strings]] played on an oud tuned in the American pattern "D2 G2 A2 D3 G3 C4"]]
Different ways of tuning the oud exist within the different oud traditions. Among those playing the oud in the Arabic tradition, a common older pattern of tuning the strings is (low pitch to high): D2 G2 A2 D3 G3 C4 on single string courses or D2, G2 G2, A2 A2, D3 D3, G3 G3, C4 C4 for a course of two strings.<ref name=stringinsdb>{{cite web |url=https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/n.htm |title= Stringed Instrument Database N-O|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com|access-date=8 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name=parfitt>{{cite web |url=http://oudipedia.info/tuning.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907143635/http://oudipedia.info/tuning.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 September 2017 |title=Tuning the oud |last=Parfitt |first=David |website= oudipedia.info|access-date=8 August 2018 }}</ref> In the Turkish tradition, the "Bolahenk" tuning, is common, (low pitch to high): C#2 F#2 B2 E3 A3 D4 on instruments with single string courses or C#2, F#2 F#2, B2 B2, E3 E3, A3 A3, D4 D4 on instruments with courses of two strings.<ref name=stringinsdb/><ref name=parfitt/> The C2 and F2 are actually tuned 1/4 of a tone higher than a normal c or f in the Bolahenk system.<ref name=stringinsdb/><ref name=parfitt/>

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| caption1          = [[Munir Bashir]], an acclaimed musician, considered to be one of the masters of the Iraqi school of [[Arabic maqam]] scale system
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Many current Arab players use this tuning: C2 F2 A2 D3 G3 C4 on the standard tuning instruments, and some use a higher pitch tuning, F2 A2 D3 G3 C4 F4

===Zenne oud===

The Zenne oud, often translated as a ''women's oud'' or ''female oud'' is a smaller version of the oud designed for those with smaller hands and fingers.<ref name=stringinsdb2>{{cite web |url=https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/n.htm |title= Stringed Instrument Database N-O|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com|access-date=8 August 2018 |quote=Smaller version ... often played by those with smaller hands ...}}</ref> It usually has a scale length of 55–57&nbsp;cm, instead of the 60–62&nbsp;cm of the Arabic oud, and the 58.5&nbsp;cm of the Turkish oud.<ref name=stringinsdb/>

===Oud arbi and oud ramal===

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The oud ''arbi'' is a North African variant of the oud with a longer neck and only four courses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/n.htm|title=The Stringed Instrument Database: N-O|website=stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://khoudir-oud.com/Seiten/Instr_Andalusisch.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330162255/http://khoudir-oud.com/Seiten/Instr_Andalusisch.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 March 2015|title=Andalusische Oud|website=khoudir-oud.com|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oudmigrations.com/2016/03/07/but-is-it-an-oud/|title=But is it an oud? - oudmigrations|work=oudmigrations |date=7 March 2016|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://oudmigrations.com/2017/08/14/the-oud-of-tunisia/|title=The oud of Tunisia – oudmigrations|work=oudmigrations |date=14 August 2017|access-date=3 October 2018 |author1=Oudadmin }}</ref> It is not to be confused with the differently shaped and tuned [[kwitra]]. The oud arbi is tuned in a re-entrant tuning of G3 G3, E4 E4, A3 A3, D4 D4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/n.htm|title=The Stringed Instrument Database: N–O |website=stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/africa.htm#north|title=ATLAS of Plucked Instruments – Africa|website=atlasofpluckedinstruments.com}}</ref>

===Oud kumethra===
The ''oud kumethra'', also known as ''pregnant oud'' or ''pear oud'' is an oud with the body in a pear-like shape. This type is relatively uncommon and mostly from Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://atlasofpluckedinstruments.com/middle_east.htm|title=ATLAS of Plucked Instruments - Middle East|website=atlasofpluckedinstruments.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://funjdiaz.net/museo/ficha.cfm?id=58 |title=Instrumentos Musicales en los Museos de URUEÑA|website=funjdiaz.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://experiencesicily.com/2014/11/04/mixing-it-oud/ |title=Mixing It Oud |first=Allison |last=Scola |date=November 4, 2014 |website=Experience Sicily}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OUD LUTE CONSTRUCTION |url=http://inthegapbetween.free.fr/pierre/PROCESS_PROJECT/process_oud.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://inthegapbetween.free.fr/pierre/PROCESS_PROJECT/process_oud.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electric oud===
A more experimental version is the oud counterpart to the electric guitar, used by the Franco-Algerian Folktronica band [[Speed Caravan]] led by [[Mehdi Haddab]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Angel |date=2023-01-29 |title=Artist Profiles: Mehdi Haddab, Master of the Electric Oud {{!}} World Music Central |url=https://worldmusiccentral.org/2023/01/29/artist-profiles-mehdi-haddab-master-of-the-electric-oud/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=worldmusiccentral.org |language=en-US}}</ref>