Editing Orchestra (section)

== Instrumentation ==
[[File:Ancasta-LaViottiChamberOrchestraMozartKV136.ogv|thumb|upright=1.25|Viotti Chamber Orchestra performing the 3rd movement of [[Mozart]]'s [[Divertimento]] in [[D major]], K. 136]]
[[File:Gruppenfoto BJO Winter 2012.jpeg|thumb|alt=A group of musicians in military uniforms playing musical instruments on stage at the Yokosuka Arts Theater|Group photo of [[Bundesjugendorchester]], 2012]]

The typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related [[musical instrument]]s called the [[woodwind section|woodwinds]], [[brass section|brass]], [[percussion section|percussion]], and [[string section|strings]]. Other instruments such as the piano, [[accordion]], and [[celesta]] may sometimes be grouped into a fifth section such as a [[keyboard section]] or may stand alone, as may the [[concert harp]] and [[electronic music|electric and electronic]] instruments. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the standard instruments in each group.

In the history of the orchestra, its instrumentation has been expanded over time, often agreed to have been standardized by the classical period<ref>{{cite book |first=Jack |last=Westrup |author-link=Jack Westrup |year=2001 |article=Instrumentation and Orchestration |at=§3. 1750 to 1800 |title=New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |title-link=New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |edition=2nd |editor-first=Stanley |editor-last=Sadie |editor-link=Stanley Sadie |location=New York, NY |publisher=Grove }}</ref> and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s influence on the classical model.<ref>[[D. Kern Holoman]], "Instrumentation and Orchestration: 4. 19th Century", in ''New Grove'' 2001.</ref> In the 20th and 21st&nbsp;century, new repertory demands expanded the instrumentation of the orchestra, resulting in a flexible use of the classical-model instruments and newly developed [[electric instrument|electric]] and [[electronic instrument]]s in various combinations. In the mid 20th century, several attempts were made in Germany and the United States to confine the instrumentation of the symphonic orchestra exclusively to groups of one instrument. In this configuration, the symphonic orchestra consisted entirely of free-reed [[piano accordion|chromatic accordions]] which were modified to recreate the full range of orchestral sounds and timbres during the performance of orthodox Western classical music.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bPhXe_qNy5QC&dq=Accordeon+Orchestra+joe+Biviano&pg=PA78 Squeese This! A Cultural History of the Accordion in America. Jacobson, Marion. University of Illinois Press. 2012. p. 78-80 ebook ISBN 9780252093852Accordion Orchestra Accordion in America on Google Books ]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J-8vLc7XRzQC&dq=Hohner++Accordion+Orchestra&pg=PA194 New images of Nazi Germany- A Photographic Collection. Garson, Paul. McFarland Publishers, 2012 p. 194-195 ebook ISBN 9780786490905 Hohner Accordion Orchestra on Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://www.discogs.com/master/1445202-Pietro-Deiro-Joe-Biviano-The-Accordion-Orchestra/image/SW1hZ2U6MzQyODM1NjE= "Pietro Deiro Presents The Accordion Orchestra - Under Direction of Joe Biviano" Coral Records (CRL-57323, 1960) See album cover for performers credits including John Serry, Eugene Ettore, Carmen Carrozza and Angelo Di Pippo. Pietro Deiro on Discogs.com]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hR8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Pietro+Deiro+Presents+the+Accordion+Orchestra&pg=PA33 Pietro The Billboard- Reviews and Ratings of New albums: "Pietro Deiro Presents The Accordion Orchestra" (Coral, CRL-57323), 27 June 1960 p. 33 Pietro Deiro Presents the Accordion Orchestra on Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://www.bsnpubs.com/decca/coral/coral.html The Coral Album Discography. Edwards, David. Callahan, Mike. Eyrles, Patrice. Watts, Randy. Neely, Timothy. April 27, 2014. CRL-57323 "Pietro Deiro Presents the Accordion Orchestra" (1960) on bsnpubs.com]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oiNtRleCw6wC&q=John+Serry Music Trades: "Accordion Orchestra Featured on New Coral 12" Record" Vol. 109, 1961 p. 84 John Serry on Google Books]</ref>
 
The terms ''symphony orchestra'' and ''philharmonic orchestra'' may be used to distinguish different ensembles from the same locality, such as the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] and the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]].{{NoteTag|The present use of ''symphony orchestra'' and ''philharmonic orchestra'' to distinguish two orchestras in the same locale erases any prior difference the words' meanings may have had: Those two names for a type of orchestra are identical.<ref name="Ludwig-2014" />}} A symphony or philharmonic orchestra will usually have over eighty musicians on its roster, in some cases over a hundred, but the actual number of musicians employed in a particular performance may vary according to the work being played and the size of the venue.<ref name=Ludwig-2014/>

A ''chamber orchestra'' is usually a smaller ensemble; a major chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians, but some are much smaller. ''Concert orchestra'' is an alternative term, as in the [[BBC Concert Orchestra]] and the [[RTÉ Concert Orchestra]].

===Expanded instrumentation===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2017}}
Apart from the core orchestral complement, various other instruments are called for occasionally.<ref name=Hopkins-Griffiths-2001>{{cite book |first1=G.W. |last1=Hopkins |first2=Paul |last2=Griffiths |year=2001 |title=Instrumentation and Orchestration |volume=5.&nbsp;Impression and later developments |series=New Grove}}</ref> These include the [[flugelhorn]] and [[cornet]]. Saxophones and classical guitars, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example [[Maurice Ravel]]'s orchestration of [[Modest Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' and [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]'s ''[[Symphonic Dances (Rachmaninoff)|Symphonic Dances]]'', the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's ''[[Boléro]]'', [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s [[Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)#Orchestral suites extracted from Romeo and Juliet|Romeo and Juliet Suites&nbsp;1 and 2]], [[Vaughan Williams]]' Symphonies [[Symphony No. 6 (Vaughan Williams)|No.&nbsp;6]] and [[Symphony No. 9 (Vaughan Williams)|No.&nbsp;9]], and [[William Walton]]'s [[Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)|''Belshazzar's Feast'']], and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The [[euphonium]] is featured in a few late Romantic and [[20th-century classical music|20th&nbsp;century works]], usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including [[Gustav Holst]]'s ''[[The Planets]]'', and [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[Ein Heldenleben]]''. The [[Wagner tuba]], a modified member of the horn family, appears in [[Richard Wagner]]'s cycle ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' and several other works by Strauss, [[Igor Stravinsky]] (as featured in [[The Rite of Spring]]), [[Béla Bartók]], and others; it also has a notably prominent role in [[Anton Bruckner]]'s [[Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)|Symphony No.&nbsp;7 in E&nbsp;Major]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wagner-tuba.com/ |title=The Wagner Tuba |publisher=The Wagner Tuba |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Cornets appear in [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s ballet ''[[Swan Lake]]'', [[Claude Debussy]]'s ''[[La Mer (Debussy)|La&nbsp;Mer]]'', and several orchestral works by [[Hector Berlioz]]. Unless these instruments are played by members "doubling" on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium or a bassoon player switching to [[contrabassoon]] for a certain passage), orchestras typically hire freelance musicians to augment their regular ensemble.

The 20th&nbsp;century orchestra was far more flexible than its predecessors.<ref name=Hopkins-Griffiths-2001/> In Beethoven's and [[Felix Mendelssohn]]'s time, the orchestra was composed of a fairly standard core of instruments, which was very rarely modified by composers. As time progressed, and as the Romantic period saw changes in accepted modification with composers such as Berlioz and Mahler; some composers used multiple harps and [[sound effect]] such as the [[wind machine]]. During the 20th&nbsp;century, the modern orchestra was generally standardized with the modern instrumentation listed below. Nevertheless, by the mid- to late 20th&nbsp;century, with the development of [[contemporary classical music]], instrumentation could practically be hand-picked by the composer (e.g., to add [[electric instrument]]s such as electric guitar, [[electronic instrument]]s such as synthesizers, 
[[ondes martenot]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mutaps6xlIIC&dq=Concerto+for+Ondes+Martenot+Andre+Jolivet&pg=PA397 A History of the Concerto. Roeder, Michael Thomas. Amadeus Press, 1994, p. 397 ISBN 9780931340611 Concerto for Ondes Martenot Andre Jolivet on Google Books]</ref> or [[trautonium]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ILkquoGXEq0C&dq=Concerto+for+Trautonium+Paul+Hindemith&pg=PA66 Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition. Holmes, Thom. Routledge 2002, p. 66-67 ISBN 9780415936439 Concerto for Trautonium Paul Hindemith on google Books]</ref> as well as other non-Western instruments, or other instruments not traditionally used in orchestras including the: [[bandoneon]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&dq=Astor+Piazzolla+Concerto+for+bandoneon&pg=PA309 World Music: Latin and North America,, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific. Elligham, Mark. Trillo, Richard. Broughton, Simon. eds. Rough Guides, 2000, p. 309 ISBN 9781858286365 Astor Piazzolla Concerto for Bandoneon on Google Books]</ref> [[Free bass system|free bass accordion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=12&ti=1,12&Search%5FArg=Serry&Search%5FCode=NALL&CNT=25&PID=qtoCDJJcISkF-Y5Tnolj9EU37&SEQ=20180726172131&SID=7 |title=The Library of Congress Copyright Office - Public Catalog 1978 - Present, "Concerto in C major for Free Bass Accordion" (Revised for Piano), Composer: John Serry Sr.|date=2002|quotation=Copyright # PAU 3-336-024|website=Cocatalog.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>[https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Concerto in C Major (1967) for Free Bass Accordion " Folder 15 & 16 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special Collections on esm.rochester.edu]</ref> [[harmonica]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YRsxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Villa+Lobos+Concerto+for+the+Harmonica&pg=PA178 The Encyclopedia of the Harmonnica. Krampert, Peter. Mel Bay Publications. 2016 p. 178 Ebook ISBN 9781619115774 Villa-Lobos Concerto for the Harmonica on Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=mutaps6xlIIC&dq=Villa+Lobos+Concerto+for+the+Harmonica&pg=PA410 A History of the Concerto. Roeder, Michael Thomas. Amadeus Press, 1994, p. 410 ISBN 9780931340611 Villa-Lobos Concerto for the Harmonica on Google Books]</ref> [[jews harp]],<ref name=BBC20240227 /> [[mandola]]<ref name=BBC20240227>{{cite web | title=10 of the best concertos for unusual instruments | website=BBC Music Magazine | date=27 Feb 2024 | url=https://www.classical-music.com/features/works/10-of-the-best-concertos-for-unusual-instruments }}</ref> and water percussion.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3CrXDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tan+Dun+Concerto+for+Water+Percussion&pg=PT281 The Routledge Handbook of Music Signification. Sheinberg, Esti. Dougherty, William P. Eds. Taylor and Francis 2020 Ebook ISBN 9781351237512 Tan Dun Concerto for Water Percussion on Google Books]</ref><ref name=BBC20240227/>

With this history in mind, the orchestra can be analysed in five eras: the [[Baroque music|Baroque era]], the [[Classical music period|Classical era]], early/mid-[[Romantic music]] era, late-Romantic era and combined [[Modernism (music)|Modern/Postmodern eras]]. The first is a [[Baroque music|Baroque]] orchestra (i.e., [[Johann Sebastian Bach|J.S. Bach]], [[Handel]], [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]]), which generally had a smaller number of performers, and in which one or more chord-playing instruments, the [[basso continuo]] group (e.g., [[harpsichord]] or [[pipe organ]] and assorted bass instruments to perform the [[bassline]]), played an important role; the second is a typical classical period orchestra (e.g., early [[Beethoven]] along with [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]]), which used a smaller group of performers than a [[Romantic music]] orchestra and a fairly standardized instrumentation; the third is typical of an early/mid-Romantic era (e.g., [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]], [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]], [[Robert Schumann|Schumann]], [[Brahms]]); the fourth is a late-Romantic/early 20th-century orchestra (e.g., [[Wagner]], [[Mahler]], [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]]), to the common complement of a 2010-era modern orchestra (e.g., [[John Adams (composer)|Adams]], [[Samuel Barber|Barber]], [[Aaron Copland]], [[Philip Glass|Glass]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki]]).

====Late Baroque orchestra====
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2020|reason=This has gotten out of control}}
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;Woodwinds:
: 2 [[flute]]s 
: 2–3 [[oboe]]s
:: [[oboe d'amore]]
:: [[oboe da caccia]]
: [[bassoon]] (several players in large orchestras)
: [[recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]]

;Brass:
: 2 [[natural horn]]s
:: [[corno da tirarsi|slide horn]]
: 2–3 [[natural trumpet]]s
:: [[tromba da tirarsi|slide trumpet]]

;Percussion:
: 2 [[timpani]] (only if trumpets are required)

{{col-2}}
;Keyboards: (selected by ensemble-leaders)
: [[harpsichord]]
: [[pipe organ]]

;Strings: (sometimes several players per part)
: 1st & 2nd [[violin]]s
:: [[viola]]s
:: [[violoncello da spalla]]s (neck cello in tenor clef)
:: [[violoncello]]s
:: [[violone]]s (contrabbasso a viola da braccio)
: [[viola da gamba|viol]]s (in various type)
:: [[double bass|contrabass viol]]s (contrabbasso a viola da gamba)
: [[theorbo]] (a baroque lute)

{{col-end}}

====Classical orchestra====
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2020|reason=Too many unverified "occasionally"s and "not yet standard"}}
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;Woodwinds:
: 1–2 [[Western concert flute#Traverso|flutes]] of which 1&nbsp;might play
:: 1 [[piccolo]]
: 2 [[oboe]]s
: 2 [[clarinet]]s ([[soprano clarinet|B{{music|b}}]], C, or A) both of which might also play
:: 2 [[basset horn]]s (occasionally with Mozart)
: 2 [[bassoon]]s
:: 1 [[contrabassoon]] (occasionally with Mozart, and Haydn, but not yet a standard instrument)

;Brass:
: 2 [[natural horn]]s (valveless)
: 2 [[natural trumpet]]s (valveless)
: 1 [[alto trombone]]
:: 1 [[tenor trombone]]
:: 1 [[bass trombone]] (on occasion [[Gluck]], [[Haydn]], and [[Mozart]], but trombones not yet a standard instrument)

;Percussion:
: 2 [[timpani]] (one player)

{{col-2}}
;Keyboards:
: [[harpsichord]] (until the late 18th century, by which time it was gradually phased out of the orchestra)
: [[pipe organ]] (until the late 18th century, by which time it was gradually phased out of the orchestra)

;Strings: (multiple players per part)
: 1st & 2nd [[violin]]s 
:: [[viola]]s
:: [[cello]]s
: [[double bass]]es
{{col-end}}

====Early Romantic orchestra====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
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;Woodwinds:
: 2 [[Western concert flute#Development|flutes]]
:: 1 [[piccolo]]
: 2 [[oboe]]s
: 2 [[soprano clarinet]]s of which both might also play
:: 2 [[Basset horn]]s (occasionally with Beethoven)
: 2 [[bassoon]]s
:: 1 [[contrabassoon]]
;Brass:
: 4 [[natural horn|natural]] (valveless) or [[French horn|valved horns]]
: 2 [[natural trumpet|natural]] or [[Trumpet|valved trumpets]]
: 3 [[tenor trombone]]s of which some might play
:: 1 [[alto trombone]]
:: 1 [[bass trombone]]
: 1–2 [[Serpent (instrument)|serpent]]s or [[ophicleide]]s (gradually replaced by tubas)
{{col-2}}
;Percussion:
: 2 [[timpani]] (one player)
: [[snare drum]]
: [[bass drum]]
: [[cymbal]]s
: [[Triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]]
: [[tambourine]]
: [[glockenspiel]]
;Strings:
: 14 1st & 12 2nd [[violin]]s
:: 10 [[viola]]s
:: 8 [[cello]]s
: 6 [[double bass]]es
: 1 [[concert harp]]

{{col-end}}

====Late Romantic orchestra====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
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{{col-2}}
;Woodwinds:
: 3–4 [[Western concert flute#Boehm flute|flute]]s, some of which may double on
:: 1–2 [[piccolo]]s
: 3–4 [[oboe]]s, of which some may double on
::1 [[oboe d'amore]]
::1 [[cor anglais]]
::1 [[bass oboe]]
: 3–4 [[clarinet]]s in [[soprano clarinet|B{{music|flat}}]] or A, of which some might play
:: 1 [[E-flat clarinet|E{{music|flat}} clarinet]] or D clarinet
:: 1 [[basset horn]]
:: 1 [[bass clarinet]]
:: 1 [[contrabass clarinet]]
: 3–4 [[bassoon]]s
:: 1 [[contrabassoon]]

;Brass:
: 4–8 [[French horn]]s, [[German horn]]s, or [[Vienna horn]]s (more rarely [[natural horn]]s) of which some might play
:: 2–4 [[Wagner tuba]]s – 2 tenors, 2 bass
: 3–6 [[trumpet]]s in F, and other keys including C, B{{music|flat}} of which some might play
:: 1 [[trumpet|bass trumpet]]
:: 3–4 [[cornet]]s
: 3–4 [[trombone|tenor trombones]] (alto trombone parts from the classical era usually played on tenor trombone)
:: 1–2 [[trombone|bass trombones]] of which 1 might play
:: 1 [[trombone|contrabass trombone]]
: 1–2 [[tuba]]s
:: 1 [[euphonium]] (usually played by a trombonist when needed)

;Keyboards:
: [[piano]]
: [[celesta]]

{{col-2}}
;Percussion:
: 4 or more [[timpani]] (one player)
: [[snare drum]]
: [[bass drum]]
: [[cymbal]]s
: [[tam-tam]]
: [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]]
: [[tambourine]]
: [[glockenspiel]]
: [[xylophone]]
: [[tubular bells]]

;Strings:
: 16 1st (sometimes more) & 14 2nd [[violin]]s
:: 12 [[viola]]s
:: 12 [[cello]]s
: 10 [[double bass]]es
: 2 or more [[concert harp]]s
{{col-end}}

====Modern/Postmodern orchestra====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Diagram Modern symphony orchestra-en.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Modern symphony orchestra layout]]
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{{col-2}}

;Woodwinds:
: 2–4 [[western concert flute|flutes]] of which some might play
:: 1–2 [[piccolo]]s
:: 1 [[alto flute]]
:: 1 [[bass flute]]
: 2–4 [[oboes]] of which 1–2 might play
:: 1 [[cor anglais]]
:: 1 [[oboe d'amore]]
:: 1 [[bass oboe]]
:: 1 [[heckelphone]]
: 2–4 [[soprano clarinet|B{{music|flat}} soprano]] [[clarinet]]s or [[soprano clarinet|A soprano]] [[clarinet]]s which some might play
:: 1 [[E-flat clarinet|E{{music|flat}} sopranino clarinet]]
:: 1 [[alto clarinet]]
:: 1 [[basset horn]]
:: 1 [[bass clarinet]]
:: 1 [[contra-alto clarinet]]
:: 1 [[contrabass clarinet]]
: 2–4 [[bassoon]]s, of which 1 might play
:: 1 [[contrabassoon]]
: (occasionally 1 or more [[saxophone]]s of various types)
:: 1 [[soprano saxophone]]
:: 2 [[alto saxophone]]s
:: 1 [[tenor saxophone]]
:: 1 [[baritone saxophone]]
:: 1 [[bass saxophone]]

;Brass:
: 4–8 [[french horn#Double horn|horns]] (double horns) in F/B{{Music|flat}} of which some might play
:: 2–4 [[Wagner tuba|Wagner horn]]s
: 3–6 [[trumpet]]s in B{{music|flat}} of which some might play
:: 1 [[soprano cornet]]
:: 2–3 [[cornet]]s
:: 1 [[piccolo trumpet]] (often for playing very high parts originally for natural trumpets)
:: 1 [[bass trumpet]]
:: 1 [[flugelhorn]]
:: 2-4 [[tenor horn]]s
: 1 [[alto trombone]] (restored to the postmodern orchestra for playing music of the classical era)
:: 3–6 [[tenor trombone]]s(current modern orchestra standard)
:: 1–2 [[bass trombone]]s of which 1 might play
:: 1 [[contrabass trombone]]
:: 1 [[cimbasso]]
: 1–2 [[tuba]]s of which 1 might play
:: 1 [[baritone horn]]
:: 1 [[euphonium]]

;Percussion:
: 4–5 [[timpani]] (one player)
: [[snare drum]]
: [[tenor drum]]
: [[bass drum]]
: 2 [[cymbal]]s (one player)
: [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]]
: [[tam-tam]]
: [[tambourine]]
: [[Woodblock (instrument)|wood block]]
: [[temple block]]
: [[glockenspiel]]
: [[xylophone]]
: [[vibraphone]]
: [[marimba]]
: [[crotales]]
: [[tubular bells]]
: [[mark tree]]
: [[sleigh bell]]s
: [[bell tree]]
: [[güiro]]
: [[timbales]]
: [[slide whistle]]
: [[tom-tom]]
: [[bongos]]
: [[conga]]
: [[claves]]
: [[vibraslap]]
: [[wind chimes]]
: [[Whip (instrument)|whip]]
: [[maracas]]
: [[finger cymbals]]
: [[Rainstick|rain sticks]]
: [[drum kit]] (in some works)
: Other percussion instruments, including ethnic or [[world music]] instruments specified by composers
{{col-2}}

;Keyboards:
: [[piano]]
: [[pipe organ]]
: [[harpsichord]]
: [[accordion]]
: [[celesta]]
: [[keyboard glockenspiel]]

;Strings:
: 16 1st & 14 2nd [[violin]]s (3rd [[violin]]s)
:: 12–14 [[viola]]s
:: 10–14 [[cello]]s
: 6-8 [[double bass]]es
: 1–2 [[harp]]s
: (1 or more classical [[guitar]]s of various types)

;Miscellaneous:
: [[harmonica]]

;Electrophone: As required by the compositions in the program, various [[electric instrument]]s or [[electronic instrument]]s may be used in the orchestra. These performers are not typically permanent orchestra members. They are typically freelancers hired on contract for one or more concerts. Instruments may include:
* [[theremin]]
* [[ondes Martenot]]
* [[electric guitar|electric]] & [[bass guitar|electric bass]] guitar
* [[electric double bass]]
* electric [[electric violin|violin]], [[electric viola|viola]] & [[electric cello|cello]]
* electric organ ([[Hammond organ|Hammond]])
* grand digital music keyboard ([[Lowrey organ|Lowrey]])
* [[electric piano]]
* [[keytar]]
* [[digital accordion]]
* [[Ring modulation|ring modulators]]
* [[synthesizer]]
* [[Synclavier]]
* [[Novachord]]
* [[clavinet]]
* [[electronic wind instrument]]
* [[electric harp]]
* [[digital drum kit]]
* Other [[electronic musical instrument]]s
* Non-musical instruments such as a [[typewriter]] or [[reel-to-reel tape]] player
{{col-end}}