Editing Ohio (section)

===Civil War and industrialization===
[[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]] during the [[American Civil War]].]]

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. Ohio's industry made it one of the most important states in the Union during the war. It contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] recruited 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals—[[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]]—were all from Ohio.<ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>

[[File:Standard Oil.jpg|thumb|The first [[Standard Oil]] refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman [[John D. Rockefeller]].]]

During much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants, Hopewell Furnace, opened near [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] in 1804. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in Ohio, most in the southern part of the state.<ref name="HOS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|title=History of Ohio Steelmaking|website=OhioSteel.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010626/http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of Ohio's steel industry, and by 1853 Cleveland was the nation's third-largest iron and steel producer. The first [[Bessemer converter]] was purchased by the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill|Cleveland Rolling Mill Company]], which became part of the [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] after the merger of [[Federal Steel Company]] and [[Carnegie Steel]], the first billion-dollar American corporation.<ref name="HOS" /> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio was the second-largest steel-producing state, behind Pennsylvania.<ref name="HOS" /> [[Republic Steel]] was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. [[Armco]], now AK Steel, was founded in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] in 1899.

{{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}