Editing Oak (section)

=== Internal phylogeny ===

Molecular techniques for phylogenetic analysis show that the genus ''Quercus'' consisted of [[Old World]] and [[New World]] clades.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hipp |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Manos|first2=Paul S. |last3=González-Rodríguez|first3=Antonio |last4=Hahn |first4=Marlene |last5=Kaproth|first5=Matthew |last6=McVay|first6=John D.| last7=Avalos|first7=Susana Valencia |last8=Cavender-Bares|first8=Jeannine |author-link8=Jeannine Cavender-Bares |display-authors=3 |date=January 2018 |title=Sympatric parallel diversification of major oak clades in the Americas and the origins of Mexican species diversity |journal=New Phytologist |volume=217 |issue=1 |pages=439–452 |doi=10.1111/nph.14773|pmid=28921530 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018NewPh.217..439H |hdl=10161/15608|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hubert|first1=François |last2=Grimm|first2=Guido W. |last3=Jousselin|first3=Emmanuelle |last4=Berry |first4=Vincent |last5=Franc|first5=Alain |last6=Kremer|first6=Antoine |display-authors=3 |date=2014-10-02 |title=Multiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of the genus ''Quercus'' |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=405–423 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2014.941037 |bibcode=2014SyBio..12..405H |s2cid=85604759 |issn=1477-2000 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Multiple_nuclear_genes_stabilize_the_phylogenetic_backbone_of_the_genus_i_Quercus_i_/1128657}}</ref> The entire [[genome]] of ''Quercus robur'' (the pedunculate oak) has been [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plomion |first1=Christophe |last2=Aury |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Amselem |first3=Joëlle |last4=Alaeitabar |first4=Tina |last5=Barbe |first5=Valérie |last6=Belser |first6=Caroline |last7=Bergès |first7=Hélène |last8=Bodénès |first8=Catherine |last9=Boudet|first9=Nathalie |last10=Boury |first10=Christophe |last11=Canaguier |first11=Aurélie |display-authors=3 |date=January 2016 |title=Decoding the oak genome: public release of sequence data, assembly, annotation and publication strategies |journal=Molecular Ecology Resources |volume=16 |issue=1|pages=254–265 |doi=10.1111/1755-0998.12425 |pmid=25944057 |s2cid=42715997|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016MolER..16..254P }}</ref> revealing an array of [[mutation]]s that may underlie the evolution of longevity and [[Plant disease resistance|disease resistance]] in oaks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plomion |first1=Christophe |last2=Aury |first2=Jean-Marc |last3=Amselem |first3=Joëlle |last4=Leroy |first4=Thibault |last5=Murat |first5=Florent |last6=Duplessis |first6=Sébastien |last7=Faye |first7=Sébastien |last8=Francillonne |first8=Nicolas |last9=Labadie |first9=Karine |last10=Le Provost |first10=Grégoire |last11=Lesur |first11=Isabelle |date=July 2018 |title=Oak genome reveals facets of long lifespan |journal=Nature Plants |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=440–452 |doi=10.1038/s41477-018-0172-3 |pmc=6086335 |pmid=29915331|bibcode=2018NatPl...4..440P }}</ref> In addition, hundreds of oak species have been compared (at [[RAD-seq]] loci), allowing a detailed phylogeny to be constructed. However, the high signal of [[introgressive hybridization]] (the transfer of genetic material by repeated backcrossing with hybrid offspring) in the genus has made it difficult to resolve an unambiguous, unitary history of oaks. The phylogeny from Hipp et al. 2019 is:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hipp |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Manos |first2=Paul S. |last3=Hahn |first3=Marlene |last4=Avishai |first4=Michael |last5=Bodénès |first5=Cathérine |last6=Cavender-Bares |first6=Jeannine|last7=Crowl |first7=Andrew A. |last8=Deng |first8=Min |last9=Denk |first9=Thomas |last10=Fitz-Gibbon |first10=Sorel |last11=Gailing |first11=Oliver |display-authors=3 |date=2019-10-14 |title=Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny |journal=New Phytologist |volume=226 |issue=4 |pages=1198–1212 |doi=10.1111/nph.16162 |pmid=31609470 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:95%; line-height:105%;
|label1='''''Quercus'''''
|sublabel1= 56 [[Mya (geology)|mya]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Quercus subg. Cerris|subgenus ''Cerris'']]
   |sublabel1=[[Old World]]
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |label1=section ''Cyclobalanopsis''
       |sublabel1= 44 [[Mya (geology)|mya]]
       |1={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=CTB<!--Compound [[Trichome]] Base--> lineage <!--e.g. Quercus chungii--> [[File:Quercus rex leaf white background.jpg|60px]]
            |2=Cyclobalanoides <!--Q. corrugata-->
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1=Glauca [[File:Quercus glauca MHNT.BOT.2010.4.2 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=Acuta [[File:Quercus acuta2 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
               |2=Semiserrata <!--e.g. Quercus macrocalyx-->
               }}
            }}
          }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=section ''Cerris''
         |1={{clade
            |1=East Asian Cerris [[File:Quercus acutissima leaf white background.jpg|70px]]
            |2=West Eurasian Cerris [[File:Quercus cerris leaf illustrations.jpg|80px]]
            }}
         |label2=section ''Ilex''
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=Early-diverging Ilex [[File:Macedonian Oak Quercus trojana white background.jpg|60px]]
               |2=East Asian Ilex [[File:Quercus phillyreoides leaf white background.jpg|50px]]
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=Himalaya-Mediterranean [[File:Quercus ilex leaf illustration.jpg|50px]]
               |2=Himalayan subalpine [[File:Quercus semecarpifolia leaf.jpg|60px]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |label2=[[Quercus subg. Quercus|subgenus ''Quercus'']]
   |sublabel2=[[New World]]
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |label1=section ''Lobatae''
       |1={{clade
         |1=Agrifoliae [[File:Quercus agrifolia leaf.JPG|40px]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=Palustres [[File:Quercus palustris leaf (white background).jpg|60px]]
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=Coccineae (Rubrae) [[File:Quercus rubra-(EU).jpg|35px]]
                  |2=Phellos (Laurifoliae) [[File:Leaf_of_Willow_Oak_Quercus_phellos_white_background.jpg|60px]]
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=Texas red oaks [[File:Quercus buckleyi leaf.jpg|50px]]
                  |2=Erythromexicana [[File:Quercus hypoleucoides leaf white background.jpg|40px]]
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
        }}
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |label1=section ''Protobalanus'' 
            |1=[[File:Quercus palmeri leaf white background.jpg|50px]]
            |label2=section ''Ponticae'' 
            |2=[[File:Quercus pontica leaf (white background).jpg|55px]]
            |sublabel2=[[New World]], C. Asia
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |label1=section ''Virentes'' 
            |1=[[File:Quercus oleoides leaf white background.jpg|55px]]
            |label2=section ''Quercus''
            |sublabel2=[[New World]], Europe
            |2={{clade
				|1={{clade
				   |1=Dumosae [[File:Quercus dumosa leaf (white background).jpg|33px]]
				   |2={{clade
					  |1={{clade
						 |1=Prinoids [[File:Quercus prinoides leaf white background.jpg|40px]]
						 |2={{clade
						    |1=Albae [[File:Quercus montana leaf white background.jpg|38px]]
                            |2=Roburoids [[File:Quercus robur leaf.jpg|40px]]
							}}
						 }}
					  |2={{clade
						 |1=Stellatae [[File:Quercus stellata (EU).jpg|40px]]
						 |2={{clade
							|1=Texas white oaks [[File:Autumn White Oak Leaf.jpg|40px]]
							|2=Leucomexicana [[File:Quercus rugosa leaf white background.jpg|55px]]
							}}
						 }}
					  }}
				   }}
			    }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}