Editing Nucleotide (section)

==Unnatural base pair (UBP)==

{{Main|Base pair#Unnatural base pair (UBP)}}
An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or [[nucleobase]]) of [[DNA]] which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature.<ref name="Malyshev PNAS 20120724">{{cite journal | vauthors = Malyshev DA, Dhami K, Quach HT, Lavergne T, Ordoukhanian P, Torkamani A, Romesberg FE | title = Efficient and sequence-independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six-letter genetic alphabet | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 109 | issue = 30 | pages = 12005–10 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22773812 | pmc = 3409741 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1205176109 | bibcode = 2012PNAS..10912005M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Examples include [[d5SICS]] and [[dNaM]]. These artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic [[nucleobase]]s, feature two fused [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic rings]] that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA.<ref name="NATJ-20140507" /><ref name="Ewan">{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/07/living-organism-artificial-dna_n_5283095.html |title=Scientists Create First Living Organism With 'Artificial' DNA| vauthors = Callaway E |date=May 7, 2014| work=Nature News| publisher=Huffington Post| access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> ''E. coli'' have been induced to replicate a plasmid containing UBPs through multiple generations.<ref name="Fikes">{{cite news| url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/08/tp-life-engineered-with-expanded-genetic-code/| title=Life engineered with expanded genetic code| vauthors = Fikes BJ | date=May 8, 2014 |work=San Diego Union Tribune| access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations.<ref name="NATJ-20140507">{{cite journal | vauthors = Malyshev DA, Dhami K, Lavergne T, Chen T, Dai N, Foster JM, Corrêa IR, Romesberg FE | title = A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet | journal = Nature | volume = 509 | issue = 7500 | pages = 385–8 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24805238 | pmc = 4058825 | doi = 10.1038/nature13314 | bibcode = 2014Natur.509..385M }}</ref><ref name="Sample">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/living-organism-pass-down-artificial-dna-us-scientists| title=First life forms to pass on artificial DNA engineered by US scientists| vauthors = Sample I |date=May 7, 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>