Editing Norovirus (section)

===Evolution===

Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 last shared a [[common ancestor]] in AD 867.<ref name=Kobayashi2016>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/srep29400 |title=Molecular evolution of the capsid gene in human norovirus genogroup II |year=2016 |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Miho |last2=Matsushima |first2=Yuki |last3=Motoya |first3=Takumi |last4=Sakon |first4=Naomi |last5=Shigemoto |first5=Naoki |last6=Okamoto-Nakagawa |first6=Reiko |last7=Nishimura |first7=Koichi |last8=Yamashita |first8=Yasutaka |last9=Kuroda |first9=Makoto |last10=Saruki |first10=Nobuhiro |last11=Ryo |first11=Akihide |last12=Saraya |first12=Takeshi |last13=Morita |first13=Yukio |last14=Shirabe |first14=Komei |last15=Ishikawa |first15=Mariko |last16=Takahashi |first16=Tomoko |last17=Shinomiya |first17=Hiroto |last18=Okabe |first18=Nobuhiko |last19=Nagasawa |first19=Koo |last20=Suzuki |first20=Yoshiyuki |last21=Katayama |first21=Kazuhiko |last22=Kimura |first22=Hirokazu |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=29400 |pmid=27384324 |pmc=4935990 |bibcode=2016NatSR...629400K }}</ref> The group 2 and group 4 viruses last shared a common ancestor in approximately AD 1443 (95% highest posterior density AD 1336–1542).<ref name=Ozaki2018>{{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.03070 | doi-access=free | title=Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Region in Norovirus Genogroup II | year=2018 | last1=Ozaki | first1=Keita | last2=Matsushima | first2=Yuki | last3=Nagasawa | first3=Koo | last4=Motoya | first4=Takumi | last5=Ryo | first5=Akihide | last6=Kuroda | first6=Makoto | last7=Katayama | first7=Kazuhiko | last8=Kimura | first8=Hirokazu | journal=Frontiers in Microbiology | volume=9 | page=3070 | pmid=30619155 | pmc=6305289 }}</ref> Several estimates of the evolution rate have been made varying from 8.98 × 10<sup>−3</sup> to 2.03 × 10<sup>−3</sup> substitutions per site per year.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

The estimated [[mutation rate]] (1.21{{e|−2}} to 1.41 {{e|−2}} substitutions per site per year) in this virus is high even compared with other RNA viruses.<ref name=Victoria2009>{{cite journal |vauthors=Victoria M, Miagostovich MP, Ferreira MS, Vieira CB, Fioretti JM, Leite JP, Colina R, Cristina J | title = Bayesian coalescent inference reveals high evolutionary rates and expansion of Norovirus populations | journal = Infect Genet Evol | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 927–932 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19559104 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.014 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2009InfGE...9..927V }}</ref>

In addition, a [[recombination hotspot]] exists at the ORF1-ORF2 (VP1) junction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsimpidis M, Bachoumis G, Mimouli K, Kyriakopoulou Z, Robertson DL, Markoulatos P, Amoutzias GD | title = T-RECs: rapid and large-scale detection of recombination events among different evolutionary lineages of viral genomes | journal = BMC Bioinformatics | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 13 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 28056784 | pmc = 5216575 | doi = 10.1186/s12859-016-1420-z | doi-access = free }}</ref>