Editing Non-Newtonian fluid (section)

==Examples==
Many common substances exhibit non-Newtonian flows. These include:<ref>{{cite book|last=Chhabra|first=R.P.|title=Bubbles, Drops, and Particles in Non-Newtonian Fluids.|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd.|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1-4200-1538-6|pages=9–10|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Astarita |first1=G. |title=Principles of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics |last2=Marucci |first2=G. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1972 |isbn=9780070840225}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fridtjov |first=I. |title=Rheology and Non-Newtonian Fluids |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319010526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Patel |first1=M. |title=Non-Newtonian Fluid Models and Boundary Layer Flow |last2=Timol |first2=M. |publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9786203198614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hori |first=Y. |title=Hydrodynamic Lubrication |date=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9784431278986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Böhme |first=G. |title=Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics. |date=1987 |publisher=North-Holland |isbn=9780444567826}}</ref>

* Soap solutions, [[cosmetics]], and toothpaste
* Food such as [[butter]], [[cheese]], [[jam]], [[mayonnaise]], [[soup]], [[Taffy (candy)|taffy]], and [[yogurt]] 
* Natural substances such as [[magma]], [[lava]], [[Natural gum|gums]], [[honey]], and [[extract]]s such as [[vanilla extract]]
* Biological fluids such as [[blood]], [[saliva]], [[semen]], [[mucus]], and [[synovial fluid]]
* [[Slurry|Slurries]] such as cement slurry and paper pulp, [[emulsion]]s such as mayonnaise, and some kinds of [[Dispersion (chemistry)|dispersions]]

===Oobleck===
[[File:UniversumUNAM55 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Demonstration of a non-Newtonian fluid at [[Universum (UNAM)|Universum]] in Mexico City]]
[[File:Corn speaker.jpg|thumb|right|Oobleck on a subwoofer. Applying force to oobleck, by sound waves in this case, makes the non-Newtonian fluid thicken.<ref>This demonstration of oobleck is a popular subject for YouTube videos.{{which|date=March 2021}}</ref>]]
An inexpensive, [[Toxicity|non-toxic]] example of a non-Newtonian fluid is a suspension of [[starch]] (e.g., cornstarch/cornflour) in water, sometimes called "oobleck", "ooze", or "magic mud" (1 part of water to 1.5–2 parts of corn starch).<ref name="Oobleck: The Dr. Seuss Science Experiment">{{cite web|url=http://www.instructables.com/id/Oobleck/|title=Oobleck: The Dr. Seuss Science Experiment|website=instructables.com}}</ref><ref name="Outrageous Ooze">{{cite web|url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/science_explorer/ooze.html|title=Outrageous Ooze|website=Exploratorium|date=7 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Magic Mud and Other Great Experiments">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4qow8T1qsYC&pg=PA235|pages=235–236|title=The Complete Home Learning Source Book|last=Rupp|first=Rebecca|chapter=Magic Mud and Other Great Experiments|year=1998|publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=978-0-609-80109-3}}</ref> The name "oobleck" is derived from the [[Dr. Seuss]] book ''[[Bartholomew and the Oobleck]]''.<ref name="Oobleck: The Dr. Seuss Science Experiment"/>

Because of its [[dilatant]] properties, oobleck is often used in demonstrations that exhibit its unusual behavior. A person may walk on a large tub of oobleck without sinking due to its [[shear thickening]] properties, as long as the individual moves quickly enough to provide enough force with each step to cause the thickening. Also, if oobleck is placed on a large subwoofer driven at a sufficiently high volume, it will thicken and form [[standing wave]]s in response to low frequency sound waves from the speaker. If a person were to punch or hit oobleck, it would thicken and act like a solid. After the blow, the oobleck will go back to its thin liquid-like state.

===Flubber (slime)===
{{main|Flubber (material)}}
[[File:Pouring Slime.JPG|thumb|Slime flows under low stresses but breaks under higher stresses]]
Flubber, also commonly known as slime, is a non-Newtonian fluid, easily made from [[polyvinyl alcohol]]–based [[glue]]s (such as white "school" glue) and [[borax]]. It flows under low stresses but breaks under higher stresses and pressures. This combination of fluid-like and solid-like properties makes it a [[Maxwell material|Maxwell fluid]]. Its behaviour can also be described as being [[viscoplasticity|viscoplastic]] or [[gelatinous]].<ref>[http://www.extension.iastate.edu/e-set/science_is_here/glurch.html Glurch Meets Oobleck] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706182730/http://www.extension.iastate.edu/e-set/science_is_here/glurch.html |date=6 July 2010 }}. [[Iowa State University]] Extension.</ref>

===Chilled caramel topping===
Another example of non-Newtonian fluid flow is chilled caramel [[ice cream]] topping (so long as it incorporates hydrocolloids such as [[carrageenan]] and [[gellan gum]]). The sudden application of [[force]]—by stabbing the surface with a finger, for example, or rapidly inverting the container holding it—causes the fluid to behave like a [[solid]] rather than a liquid. This is the "[[shear thickening]]" property of this non-Newtonian fluid. More gentle treatment, such as slowly inserting a spoon, will leave it in its liquid state. Trying to jerk the spoon back out again, however, will trigger the return of the temporary solid state.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=The Rheology of Caramel |year=2004 |first=Giuseppina |last=Barra |type=PhD |publisher=University of Nottingham |url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11837}}</ref>

===Silly Putty===
{{main|Silly Putty}}
Silly Putty is a silicone polymer based [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] that will flow, bounce, or break, depending on strain rate.

===Plant resin===
{{main|Pitch (resin)}}
Plant resin is a [[viscoelastic]] [[solid]] [[polymer]]. When left in a container, it will flow slowly as a liquid to conform to the contours of its container. If struck with greater force, however, it will shatter as a solid.

===Quicksand===
{{Main|Quicksand}}
Quicksand is a [[shear thinning]] non-Newtonian [[colloid]] that gains viscosity at rest. Quicksand's non-Newtonian properties can be observed when it experiences a slight shock (for example, when someone walks on it or agitates it with a stick), shifting between its [[gel]] and [[sol (colloid)|sol]] phase and seemingly liquefying, causing objects on the surface of the quicksand to sink.

===Ketchup===
[[Ketchup]] is a [[shear thinning]] fluid.<ref name=padb>{{cite book |title=Pump Application Desk Book |edition=3rd |first=Paul N. |last=Garay |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-88173-231-3 |page=358 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pww5cxwitHAC&q=thixotropic&pg=PA359}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Microscopy reveals why ketchup squirts |url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/September/02091103.asp |journal=Chemistry World |last=Cartwright |first=Jon |date=2 September 2011 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}</ref> Shear thinning means that the fluid viscosity decreases with increasing [[shear stress]]. In other words, fluid motion is initially difficult at slow rates of deformation, but will flow more freely at high rates. Shaking an inverted bottle of ketchup can cause it to transition to a lower viscosity through shear thinning, making it easier to pour from the bottle.
<!-- unreferenced, potential original research:
Ketchup behaves like a solid until even a slight force is applied to it. Once a force is applied, it acts like a liquid rather than a solid. If you have ever wondered why hitting the glass [[Heinz]] ketchup bottle on the bottom does not work, but a slight tap to the 57 imprint on the neck does, it is because hitting the bottle on the bottom only causes the ketchup at the very bottom to act like a liquid. The ketchup closer to the neck still acts like a solid blocking the ketchup from flowing out of the bottle. Hitting the bottle on the neck causes the ketchup at the neck of the bottle to act like a liquid and, thus, flow out of the bottle.

===Pancakes===
You can make tasty pancakes{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}, using [[potato starch]], [[sugar]] and eatable liquid, like milk or water, eggs optionally. Any starch solution shows properties of non-Newtonian liquid.
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===Dry granular flows===
Under certain circumstances, flows of [[granular material]]s can be modelled as a continuum, for example using the [[Μ(I) rheology|''μ''(''I'') rheology]]. Such continuum models tend to be non-Newtonian, since the apparent viscosity of granular flows increases with pressure and decreases with shear rate. The main difference is the shearing stress and rate of shear.

=== Radioactive waste vitrification ===
Important issue for non-Newtonian fluids is glass behavior during [[High-level radioactive waste management|radioactive waste]] vitrification when special attention is given to [[Viscosity models for mixtures|viscosity]] of the molten multicomponent glass being described by Douglas-Doremus-[[Michael Ojovan|Ojovan]] (DDO) model of viscosity of glasses and melts <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yudintsev |first1=Sergey V. |last2=Ojovan |first2=Michael I. |last3=Malkovsky |first3=Victor I. |date=February 2024 |title=Thermal Effects and Glass Crystallization in Composite Matrices for Immobilization of the Rare-Earth Element–Minor Actinide Fraction of High-Level Radioactive Waste |journal=Journal of Composites Science |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=70 |doi=10.3390/jcs8020070 |doi-access=free |issn=2504-477X}}</ref>