Editing Nociception (section)

==In non-mammals==

Nociception has been documented in other animals, including fish<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sneddon |first1=L. U. |first2=V. A. |last2=Braithwaite |first3=M. J. |last3=Gentle |year=2003 |title=Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=270 |issue= 1520|pages=1115–1121 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2003.2349 |pmid=12816648 |pmc=1691351}}</ref> and a wide range of [[Pain in invertebrates|invertebrates]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jane A. Smith |title=A Question of Pain in Invertebrates |journal=Institute for Laboratory Animals Journal |volume=33 |issue=1–2 |year=1991 |url=http://www.abolitionist.com/darwinian-life/invertebrate-pain.html |access-date=2011-06-02 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008212237/http://www.abolitionist.com/darwinian-life/invertebrate-pain.html |url-status=live }}</ref> including leeches,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pastor |first1=J. |first2=B. |last2=Soria |first3=C. |last3=Belmonte |year=1996 |title=Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion |journal=Journal of Neurophysiology |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=2268–2279 |doi= 10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268|pmid=8793740 }}</ref> nematode worms,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wittenburg |first1=N. |first2=R. |last2=Baumeister |year=1999 |title=Thermal avoidance in ''Caenorhabditis elegans'': an approach to the study of nociception |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=96 |issue=18 |pages=10477–10482 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.18.10477 |pmid=10468634 |pmc=17914 |bibcode=1999PNAS...9610477W |doi-access=free }}</ref> sea slugs,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Illich |first1=P. A. |first2=E. T. |last2=Walters |year=1997 |title=Mechanosensory neurons innervating ''Aplysia'' siphon encode noxious stimuli and display nociceptive sensitization |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=17 |issue= 1|pages=459–469 |pmid=8987770 |pmc=6793714 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997 }}</ref> and fruit flies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tracey |first1=W.Daniel |last2=Wilson |first2=Rachel I |last3=Laurent |first3=Gilles |last4=Benzer |first4=Seymour |title=''painless'', a ''Drosophila'' Gene Essential for Nociception |journal=Cell |date=April 2003 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=261–273 |doi=10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00272-1 |pmid=12705873 |s2cid=1424315 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As in mammals, nociceptive neurons in these species are typically characterized by responding preferentially to high temperature (40&nbsp;°C or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage.