Editing New Zealand English (section)

=== American English influences ===
Advancing from its British and Australian English origins, New Zealand English has evolved to include many terms of American origin, or which are otherwise used in American English, in preference over the equivalent contemporary British terms. In a number of instances, terms of British and American origin can be used interchangeably. Many American borrowings are not unique to New Zealand English, and may be found in other dialects of English, including British English.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vine |first=Bernardette |date=1999 |title=Americanisms in the New Zealand English Lexicon |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-971X.00118 |journal=World Englishes |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1111/1467-971X.00118 |issn=0883-2919}}</ref> Some examples of such words in New Zealand English are the preferred usage of the American ''bobby pin'' over the British ''hair pin'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Why I'm moving into a bus with an 11-year-old, a dog and a cat |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/renting/300244904/why-im-moving-into-a-bus-with-an-11yearold-a-dog-and-a-cat |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=21 March 2021 |quote=I read about a woman who bartered her way up from a bobby pin to a small cabin. I don’t have enough faith or spare time for that, and I can never find a bobby pin when I need it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323060659/https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/renting/300244904/why-im-moving-into-a-bus-with-an-11yearold-a-dog-and-a-cat |archive-date=23 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''muffler'' for ''silencer'',<ref>{{cite news |title=An illustrated history of electric car design |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124743456/an-illustrated-history-of-electric-car-design |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=15 April 2021 |quote=Milton O. Reeves and Marshall T. Reeves invented the first muffler to reduce petrol engine noise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818115320/https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124743456/an-illustrated-history-of-electric-car-design |archive-date=18 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''truck'' for ''lorry'', ''station wagon'' for ''estate car'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Lessons learned after living with a Nissan Leaf |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124857656/lessons-learned-after-living-with-a-nissan-leaf |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=16 April 2021 |quote=it would be better if it was a little more squared off like a station wagon. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425055345/https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124857656/lessons-learned-after-living-with-a-nissan-leaf |archive-date=25 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''stove'' for ''cooker'', ''creek''<ref>{{cite dictionary|url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/creek |title=Creek definition and meaning |dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> over ''brook'' or ''stream'', ''eggplant'' for ''aubergine'', ''median strip'' for ''central reservation'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Safe-hit posts installed on State Highway 1 near Ōhakea to stop overtaking on median strip |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300038987/safehit-posts-installed-on-state-highway-1-near-hakea-to-stop-overtaking-on-median-strip |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=21 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ''pushup'' for ''press-up'', and ''potato chip'' for ''potato crisp''.<ref>{{cite news |title=McCain resumes normal chip production after Covid induced backlog |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/122595783/mccain-resumes-normal-chip-production-after-covid-induced-backlog |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=4 September 2020 |quote=With Kiwis eating fewer hot chips during lockdown, one of New Zealand’s largest potato chip manufacturers was forced to cut production significantly}}</ref>

Other examples of vocabulary directly borrowed from American English include ''[[the boonies]]'', ''bucks'' (dollars), ''butt'' (bum or arse), ''ding'' (dent), ''dude'', ''duplex'', ''faggot'' or ''fag'' (interchangeable with the British ''poof'' and ''poofter''), ''figure''<ref>{{cite dictionary |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/figure |title=Figure definition and meaning|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> (to think or conclude; consider), ''hightail it'', ''homeboy'', ''hooker'', ''lagoon'', ''lube'' (oil change), ''man'' (in place of ''mate'' or ''bro'' in direct address), ''major'' (to study or qualify in a subject), ''to be over'' [some situation] (be fed up), ''rig'' (large truck),<ref>{{cite news |title=Big-rig driver helps end police chase in California by blocking getaway car |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/300272762/bigrig-driver-helps-end-police-chase-in-california-by-blocking-getaway-car |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=9 April 2021}}</ref> ''sheltered workshop'' (workplace for disabled persons),<ref>{{cite news |title=Closing sheltered workshops did more harm than good for intellectually disabled |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/79045618/closing-sheltered-workshops-did-more-harm-than-good-for-intellectually-disabled |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=18 April 2016}}</ref> ''spat''<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spat|title=Spat definition and meaning |dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref> (a small argument), and ''subdivision'', and ''tavern''.<ref>{{cite dictionary|url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tavern |title=Tavern definition and meaning |dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref>

Regarding grammar, ''gotten'' can be used as opposed to the standard British ''got'' in New Zealand English in [[Active voice|active]] contexts, though some speakers do not use it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=New Zealand English |last=Bell |first=Allan |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=1999 |location=Philadelphia, USA |url=https://archive.org/details/newzealandenglis00bell |pages=181|isbn=978-1-55619-723-9 }}</ref> It has been increasing in usage in recent years and is rarely written down.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/nz/universitypress/subjects/languages-linguistics/historical-linguistics/standards-english-codified-varieties-around-world |title=Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World |date=December 2012 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521763899 |pages=328 |language=}}</ref>