Editing New Mexico (section)

===Territorial phase===

{{Main|Texas annexation|U.S. provisional government of New Mexico|Mexican–American War|Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|Mexican Cession|Organic act#List of organic acts|New Mexico Territory|Gadsden Purchase|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate Arizona|Confederate States of America|New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War}}

Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican–American War (1846–48), Mexico [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|ceded its northern territories]] to the U.S., including California, Texas, and New Mexico.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|132}} The Americans were initially heavy-handed in their treatment of former Mexican citizens, triggering the [[Taos Revolt]] in 1847 by Hispanos and their Pueblo allies; the insurrection led to the death of territorial governor [[Charles Bent]] and the collapse of the civilian government established by [[Stephen W. Kearny]]. In response, the U.S. government appointed local [[Donaciano Vigil]] as governor to better represent New Mexico,<ref name="Crutchfield 1995 p.">{{cite book | last=Crutchfield | first=James A. | title=Tragedy at Taos: the revolt of 1847 | publisher=Republic of Texas Press | publication-place=Plano, Tex. | date=1995 | isbn=1-55622-385-4 | oclc=31865232 | page=}}</ref> and also vowed to accept the land rights of [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Nuevomexicans]] and grant them citizenship. In 1864, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] symbolized the recognition of Native land rights with the Lincoln Canes, [[sceptre]]s [[staff of office|of office]] gifted to each of the Pueblos, a tradition dating back to Spanish and Mexican eras.<ref name="NCAI">{{cite web | title=Resolution | website=NCAI | url=https://www.ncai.org/resources/resolutions/support-for-the-pueblos-of-new-mexico-honoring-celebration-of-150-years-of-the-lincoln-canes | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212102932/https://www.ncai.org/resources/resolutions/support-for-the-pueblos-of-new-mexico-honoring-celebration-of-150-years-of-the-lincoln-canes | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Mexican 2022">{{cite web | last=Mexican | first=Uriel J. GarciaThe New | title=Award-winning film documents tribe's treasured Lincoln canes | website=Santa Fe New Mexican | date=November 15, 2022 | url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/award-winning-film-documents-tribe-s-treasured-lincoln-canes/article_32d38544-05e8-540c-916b-0575dc6ac00a.html | access-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-date=December 12, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212102932/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/award-winning-film-documents-tribe-s-treasured-lincoln-canes/article_32d38544-05e8-540c-916b-0575dc6ac00a.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[Republic of Texas]] was admitted as a state in 1846, it attempted to claim the eastern portion of New Mexico east of the Rio Grande, while the [[California Republic]] and [[State of Deseret]] each claimed parts of western New Mexico. Under the [[Compromise of 1850]], these regions were forced by the U.S. government to drop their claims, Texas received $10{{spaces}}million in federal funds, California was granted statehood, and officially establishing the [[Utah Territory]]; therein recognizing most of New Mexico's historically established land claims.<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|135}} Pursuant to the compromise, Congress established the [[New Mexico Territory]] in September of that year;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/lapurchase/essay1e_lg.html |title=Boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase as Recognized Today |access-date=December 6, 2008 |date=December 2001 |website=Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706105401/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/lapurchase/essay1e_lg.html |archive-date=July 6, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> it included most of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, along with the [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] [[Las Vegas Valley|Valley]] and what would later become [[Clark County, Nevada|Clark County]] in [[Nevada]].

In 1853 the U.S. acquired the mostly desert southwestern bootheel of the state, along with Arizona's land south of the Gila River, in the [[Gadsden Purchase]], which was needed for the right-of-way to encourage construction of a [[transcontinental railroad]].<ref name="Simmons 1988" />{{Rp|136}}

==== U.S. Civil War, American Indian Wars, and American frontier ====
{{multiple image
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| header = Civil war effects in New Mexico
| width = 225
| image1 = Wpdms Arizona Territory 1860 ZP.svg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = New Mexico territory including Arizona, 1860
| image2 = Wpdms new mexico territory 1867.png
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Territories divided, 1867
}}

When the [[American Civil War|U.S. Civil War]] broke out in 1861, both [[the Confederate States of America|Confederate]] and [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over New Mexico Territory. The Confederacy claimed the southern tract as its own [[Arizona Territory (Confederate States of America)|Arizona Territory]], and as part of the [[Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War|Trans-Mississippi Theater]] of the war, waged the ambitious [[New Mexico Campaign]] to control the [[American Southwest]] and open up access to Union California. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the [[Battle of Glorieta Pass]] in 1862, though the Confederate territorial government continued to operate out of Texas. More than 8,000 soldiers from New Mexico Territory served in the [[Union Army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilwardata.com/dbstatus.html |title=American Civil War Research Database statistics |publisher=Civilwardata.com |date=March 4, 2012 |access-date=June 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617052546/http://www.civilwardata.com/dbstatus.html |archive-date=June 17, 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Eingeborene des nördlichen Neu-Mexiko 1861.jpg|thumb|"The indigenous people of northern New Mexico" by [[Balduin Möllhausen]], 1861]]
The end of the war saw [[American frontier|rapid economic development and settlement]] in New Mexico, which attracted homesteaders, ranchers, cowboys, businessmen, and outlaws;<ref name="online.nmartmuseum.org">{{Cite web |title=New Mexico Tells New Mexico History {{!}} History: Statehood |url=https://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=online.nmartmuseum.org |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207091652/https://online.nmartmuseum.org/nmhistory/people-places-and-politics/statehood/history-statehood.html |url-status=live }}</ref> many of the [[folklore]] characters of the [[Western (genre)|Western genre]] had their origins in New Mexico, most notably businesswoman [[Maria Gertrudis Barceló]], outlaw [[Billy the Kid]], and lawmen [[Pat Garrett]] and [[Elfego Baca]]. The influx of "Anglo Americans" from the eastern U.S. (which include African Americans and recent European immigrants) reshaped the state's economy, culture, and politics. Into the late 19th century, the majority of New Mexicans remained ethnic mestizos of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry (primarily Pueblo, Navajo, Apache, Genízaro, and Comanche), many of whom had roots going back to Spanish settlement in the 16th century; this distinctly New Mexican ethnic group became known as [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispanos]] and developed a more pronounced identity vis-a-vis the newer Anglo arrivals. Politically, they still controlled most town and county offices through local elections, and wealthy ranching families commanded considerable influence, preferring business, [[legislature|legislative]], and [[judiciary|judicial]] relations with fellow indigenous New Mexican groups. By contrast, Anglo Americans, who were "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing"<ref name="Montgomery">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502746?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents Charles Montgomery, "Becoming 'Spanish-American': Race and Rhetoric in New Mexico Politics, 1880–1928"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107003618/http://www.jstor.org/stable/27502746?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents|date=November 7, 2016}}, ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' Vol. 20, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 59–84 (published by University of Illinois Press for Immigration and Ethnic History Society),</ref> tended to have more ties to the territorial government, whose officials were appointed by the U.S. federal government; subsequently, newer residents of New Mexico generally favored maintaining territorial status, which they saw as a check on Native and Hispano influence.

A consequence of the civil war was intensifying conflict with indigenous peoples, which was part of the broader American [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] along the frontier. The withdrawal of troops and material for the war effort had prompted raids by hostile tribes, and the federal government moved to subdue the many native communities that had been effectively autonomous throughout the colonial period. Following the elimination of the Confederate threat, Brigadier General [[James Henry Carleton|James Carleton]], who had assumed command of the Military Department of New Mexico in 1862, led what he described as a "merciless war against all hostile tribes" that aimed to "force them to their knees, and then confine them to reservations where they could be Christianized and instructed in agriculture."<ref name="online.nmartmuseum.org"/> With famed frontiersman [[Kit Carson]] placed in charge of troops in the field, powerful indigenous groups such as the [[Navajo people|Navajo]], [[Mescalero]] Apache, [[Kiowa]], and [[Comanche]] were brutally pacified through a scorched earth policy, and thereafter forced into barren and remote reservations. Sporadic conflicts continued into the late 1880s, most notably [[Victorio's War|the guerilla campaigns]] led by Apache [[Victorio|chiefs Victorio]] and his son-in-law [[Nana (chief)|Nana]].

The political and cultural clashes between these competing ethnic groups sometimes culminated in mob violence, including lynchings of Native, Hispanic, and Mexican peoples, as was attempted at the [[Frisco shootout]] in 1884. Nevertheless, prominent figures from across these communities, and from both the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party of New Mexico|Republican parties]], attempted to fight this prejudice and forge a more cohesive, multiethnic New Mexican identity; they include lawmen [[Elfego Baca|Baca]] and [[Pat Garrett|Garrett]], and governors [[George Curry (politician)|Curry]], [[Herbert James Hagerman|Hagerman]], and [[Miguel Antonio Otero (born 1859)|Otero]].<ref name="Van Holtby 2012 p.">{{cite book | last=Van Holtby | first=D. | title=Forty-Seventh Star: New Mexico's Struggle for Statehood | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0806187860 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4q7f6wSqlEC | access-date=April 23, 2021 | page=}}</ref><ref name="de Aragón 2020 p.">{{cite book | last=de Aragón | first=R.J. | title=New Mexico's Stolen Lands: A History of Racism, Fraud & Deceit | publisher=History Press | year=2020 | isbn=978-1467144032 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsHDDwAAQBAJ | access-date=April 23, 2021 | page=}}</ref> Indeed, some territorial governors, like [[Lew Wallace]], had served in both the Mexican and American militaries.<ref name="Cain 2019">{{cite web | last=Cain | first=Stephanie | title=Lew Wallace in Mexico | website=General Lew Wallace Study & Museum | date=May 10, 2019 | url=https://www.ben-hur.com/lew-wallace-in-mexico/ | access-date=December 16, 2022 | archive-date=December 9, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209114856/https://www.ben-hur.com/lew-wallace-in-mexico/ | url-status=live }}</ref>