Editing New Brunswick (section)

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of New Brunswick}}
[[File:New Brunswick topographic map-fr.svg|thumb|Topographic map of New Brunswick]]
Roughly square, New Brunswick is bordered on the north by Quebec, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Bay of Fundy, and on the west by the US state of [[Maine]]. The southeast corner of the province is connected to Nova Scotia at the [[isthmus]] of Chignecto.

Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement but which are home to enormous forests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landforms and Climate |url=http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/AtlanticMaritime/land.html |website=Ecological Framework of Canada |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803210602/http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/AtlanticMaritime/land.html |archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{See also|Climate change in New Brunswick}}
[[File:New Brunswick Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of New Brunswick]]
New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along the moderating sea. New Brunswick has a [[humid continental climate]], with slightly milder winters on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a [[subarctic climate]].

Evidence of [[Global warming|climate change]] in New Brunswick can be seen in its more intense precipitation events, more frequent winter [[Thaw (weather)|thaw]]s, and one quarter to half the amount of [[snowpack]].<ref name="climate-change">{{cite web |title=How is Climate Change Affecting New Brunswick? |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/environment/content/climate_change/content/climate_change_affectingnb.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034456/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/environment/content/climate_change/content/climate_change_affectingnb.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Today, the sea level is about {{cvt|30|cm|ft|sigfig=1}} higher than it was 100 years ago, and it is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100.<ref name="climate-change"/>

===Flora and fauna===
{{See also|List of birds of New Brunswick|<!--List of taxa described from New Brunswick-->}}
[[File:Furbish lousewort (37037460636).jpg|thumb|[[Pedicularis furbishiae|Furbish's lousewort]] is a herb [[Endemism|endemic]] to the shores of the upper [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]].]]

Most of New Brunswick<ref name="hydro"/> is forested with [[secondary forest]] or tertiary forest. At the start of European settlement, the Maritimes were covered from coast to coast by a forest of mature trees, giants by today's standards. Today less than one per cent of old-growth [[New England/Acadian forests|Acadian forest]] remains,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noseworthy |first1=Josh |title=A walk in the woods: Acadian old-growth forest |work=Nature Conservancy of Canada special feature |url=http://specialfeature.natureconservancy.ca/content/a-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest |publisher=Nature Conservancy Canada |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181123/http://specialfeature.natureconservancy.ca/content/a-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] lists the Acadian Forest as endangered.<ref name="simpson">{{cite web |last1=Simpson |first1=Jamie |title=Restoring the Acadian Forest |url=http://www.bondrup.com/uploads/6/7/6/5/6765532/1-30.pdf |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181129/http://www.bondrup.com/uploads/6/7/6/5/6765532/1-30.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the frequent large scale disturbances caused by settlement and timber harvesting, the Acadian forest is not growing back as it was, but is subject to borealization. This means that exposure-resistant species that are well adapted to the frequent large-scale disturbances common in the boreal forest are increasingly abundant. These include [[jack pine]], [[Abies balsamea|balsam fir]], [[Picea mariana|black spruce]], [[Betula papyrifera|white birch]], and [[Populus|poplar]].<ref name="simpson"/> Forest ecosystems support large carnivores such as the [[bobcat]], [[Canada lynx]], and [[American black bear|black bear]], and the large herbivores [[moose]] and [[white-tailed deer]].

[[Fiddlehead fern|Fiddlehead greens]] are harvested from the [[Matteuccia|Ostrich fern]] which grows on riverbanks. [[Pedicularis furbishiae|Furbish's lousewort]], a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an [[endangered species]] threatened by habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank.<ref>{{cite web |title=Furbish's Lousewort |url=https://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=179 |website=Species at Risk Public Registry |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013061742/http://registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=179 |archive-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Many [[wetlands]] are being disrupted by the highly invasive [[Introduced species]] [[Lythrum salicaria|purple loosestrife]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Purple loosestrife |url=http://www.nbala.ca/purple-loosestrife/ |publisher=New Brunswick Alliance of Lake Associations |access-date=26 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130024218/http://www.nbala.ca/purple-loosestrife/ |archive-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

The [[deer]] population in the province has dropped by 70% since 1985. The widespread use of [[glyphosate]] may have contributed to this.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://voxinteractif.ca/~forestnb/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Rod-Cumberland-english.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821221324/https://voxinteractif.ca/~forestnb/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Rod-Cumberland-english.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2022 |title=Herbicide Impacts on Deer, and the New Forestry Strategy |first1=Rod |last1=Cumberland}}</ref>

Since 2014, the New Brunswick government has allowed forestry companies to harvest 20 percent more wood there than before.<ref name=":3" />

===Geology===
[[File:Sandstone in Canada - IMG 0791 (11385934064).jpg|thumb|The [[Hopewell Rocks]] are rock formations located at the upper reaches of the [[Bay of Fundy]], near [[Hopewell Cape, New Brunswick|Hopewell Cape]].]]
Bedrock types range from 1&nbsp;billion to 200&nbsp;million years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bedrock Mapping |url=http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/erd/energy/content/minerals/content/bedrock_mapping.html |publisher=Government of New Brunswick |access-date=14 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202444/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/erd/energy/content/minerals/content/bedrock_mapping.html |archive-date=14 November 2017 |date=29 January 2013}}</ref>
Much of the bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean deposits in the [[Ordovician]] that were subject to [[Fold (geology)|folding]] and [[Igneous rock|igneous]] [[Intrusive rock|intrusion]] and that were eventually covered with lava during the [[Paleozoic]], peaking during the [[Acadian orogeny]].<ref name="hc"/>

During the [[Carboniferous]] period, about 340&nbsp;million years ago, New Brunswick was in the [[Maritimes Basin]], a [[sedimentary basin]] near the equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, accumulated there; after being compressed, they produced the Albert [[oil shale]]s of southern New Brunswick. Eventually, sea water from the [[Panthalassa|Panthalassic Ocean]] invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea. Once this receded, [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]], [[sandstone]]s, and [[shale]]s accumulated. The [[rust]] colour of these was caused by the oxidation of iron in the beds between wet and dry periods.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Atlantic Geoscience Society |editor1-last=Williams |editor1-first=Graham |editor2-last=Fensome |editor2-first=Robert |title=The last billion years : a geological history of the Maritime Provinces of Canada |date=2001 |publisher=Nimbus Publishing |location=Halifax, NS |isbn=1-55109-351-0 |ref=billion |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lastbillionyears0000unse}}</ref> Such late Carboniferous rock formed the [[Hopewell Rocks]], which have been shaped by the extreme [[tidal range]] of the Bay of Fundy.

In the early [[Triassic]], as [[Pangea]] drifted north it was rent apart, forming the [[rift valley]] that is the Bay of Fundy. [[Magma]] pushed up through the cracks, forming [[basalt]] columns on [[Grand Manan]].<ref name="fundygeo">{{cite web |title=Geology |url=https://www.bayoffundy.com/about/geology/ |access-date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116075259/https://www.bayoffundy.com/about/geology/ |archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

===Topography===
[[File:027 NB BigNictauLake DSC 1468.JPG|thumb|View of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian mountains]] from [[Mount Carleton Provincial Park]]]]
New Brunswick lies entirely within the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian Mountain range]]. The [[List of rivers of New Brunswick|rivers of New Brunswick]] drain into either the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] to the east or the [[Bay of Fundy]] to the south. These watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine.<ref name="hydro">{{Cite journal |last1=Burrel |first1=Brian C |last2=Anderson |first2=James E |date=1991 |journal= Canadian Water Resources Journal|volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=317–330 |doi=10.4296/cwrj1604317 |title=Regional Hydrology of New Brunswick |bibcode=1991CaWRJ..16..317B |doi-access=free}}</ref> The highest point in New Brunswick is [[Mount Carleton]], {{cvt|817|m}}.

New Brunswick and the rest of the [[Maritime Peninsula]] was covered by thick layers of ice during the last glacial period (the [[Wisconsinian glaciation]]).<ref name="Sanger">{{cite book |last1=Sanger |first1=David |editor1-last=Hornsby |editor1-first=S.J. |editor2-last=Reid |editor2-first=J.G. |title=New England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons |date=2005 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=0-77-352865-2 |page=15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIxmyWo6o94C&q="ice+sheets"+"covered+the+maritime+peninsula" |chapter=Pre-European Dawnland: Archaeology of the Maritime Peninsula |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816225755/https://books.google.com/books?id=aIxmyWo6o94C&q=%22ice+sheets%22+%22covered+the+maritime+peninsula%22 |url-status=live}}</ref> It cut [[U-shaped valley]]s in the Saint John and [[Nepisiguit River]] valleys and pushed [[granite]] boulders from the Miramichi highlands south and east, leaving them as [[Glacial erratic|erratics]] when the ice receded at the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], along with deposits such as the [[eskers]] between Woodstock and St George, which are today sources of sand and gravel.