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=== Soviet era === {{main|Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast}} [[File:Nagorno Karabakh03.png|thumb|left|200px|Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in the Soviet era.]] [[File:Nagorno Karabakh Ethnic Map 1989.png|thumb|Ethnic make-up of Nagorno-Karabakh in the late Soviet era.]] After the [[October Revolution]], Karabakh became part of the [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]], but this soon dissolved into separate [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijani]], and [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgian]] states. Over the next two years (1918–1920), there were a series of [[Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)|short wars]] between Armenia and Azerbaijan over several regions, including Nagorno-Karabakh. Between 1918 and 1920, Nagorno-Karabakh's [[de jure]] affiliation with Armenia or Azerbaijan was disputed and not adjudicated by the [[League of Nations]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krüger |first=Heiko |date=June 2014 |title=Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/3811/chapter/145283746 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=academic.oup.com |pages=214–232 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702375.003.0011 |isbn=978-0-19-870237-5 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923061927/https://academic.oup.com/book/3811/chapter-abstract/145283746?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gardner |first=Anne-Marie |title=Nagorno-Karabakh: Balancing Standards? |date=2011 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230117600_4 |work=Democratic Governance and Non-State Actors |pages=71–103 |access-date=2023-08-02 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230117600_4 |isbn=978-1-349-29153-3 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923061933/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230117600_4 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno-Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a National Council and government.<ref name="nesl.edu">{{cite web |url= http://www.nesl.edu/center/pubs/nagorno.pdf |title= ''The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis: A Blueprint for Resolution'' |access-date= 16 February 2006 |archive-date= 30 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205744/https://www.nesl.edu/center/pubs/nagorno.pdf |url-status= live }}, New England Center for International Law & Policy</ref> Later, Ottoman troops entered Karabakh, meeting armed resistance by Armenians. After the defeat of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in World War I, British troops occupied Karabakh. The British command provisionally affirmed [[Khosrov bey Sultanov]] (appointed by the Azerbaijani government) as the governor-general of Karabakh and [[Zangezur Uyezd|Zangezur]], pending a final decision by the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/fr/nk/nk_file/article/3.html |title=Circular by colonel D. I. Shuttleworth of the British Command |access-date=5 September 2006 |archive-date=7 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507144914/http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/fr/nk/nk_file/article/3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The decision was opposed by Karabakh Armenians. In February 1920, the Karabakh National Council preliminarily agreed to Azerbaijani jurisdiction, while Armenians elsewhere in Karabakh continued guerrilla fighting, never accepting the agreement.<ref name="nesl.edu" /> The agreement itself was soon annulled by the Ninth Karabagh Assembly, which declared union with Armenia in April.<ref name="nesl.edu" /><ref>''Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal'' by Tim Potier. {{ISBN|90-411-1477-7}}</ref> In April 1920, while the Azerbaijani army was locked in Karabakh fighting local Armenian forces, Azerbaijan was [[Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan|taken over]] by [[Bolshevik]]s. On 10 August 1920, Armenia signed a preliminary agreement with the Bolsheviks, agreeing to a temporary Bolshevik occupation of these areas until final settlement would be reached.<ref>Walker. ''The Survival of a Nation''. pp. 285–90</ref> In 1921, [[Red Army invasion of Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Red Army invasion of Georgia|Georgia]] were also taken over by the Bolsheviks. After the [[Sovietization]] of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the [[Kavbiuro]] (Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the [[Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)]]) decided that Karabakh would remain within [[Azerbaijan SSR]] with broad regional autonomy, with the administrative centre in the city of [[Shusha]] (the administrative center was later moved to [[Stepanakert]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armenian.usc.edu/qa-with-arsene-saparov-no-evidence-that-stalin-gave-karabakh-to-azerbaijan/ |title=Q&A with Arsène Saparov: No Evidence that Stalin "gave" Karabakh to Azerbaijan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=10 December 2018 |website=armenian.usc.edu |quote=Of all the documents I have seen, there is no direct evidence of Stalin doing or saying something in those 12 days in the summer of 1921 that [resulted in this decision on Karabakh]. A lot of people just assume that since Stalin was an evil person, it would be typical of someone evil to take a decision like that. |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215061933/https://armenian.usc.edu/qa-with-arsene-saparov-no-evidence-that-stalin-gave-karabakh-to-azerbaijan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The oblast's borders were drawn to include Armenian villages and to exclude as much as possible Azerbaijani villages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Potier |first=Tim |author-link= |date=2001 |title=Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, A Legal Appraisal|location=The Hague, Netherlands |publisher=Kluwer Law International |page=5 |isbn=9041114777}}</ref> The resulting district ensured an Armenian majority. With the Soviet Union firmly in control of the region, the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|conflict]] over the region died down for several decades until the beginning of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the question of Nagorno-Karabakh re-emerged. Accusing the Azerbaijani SSR government of conducting forced Azerification of the region, the majority Armenian population, with ideological and material support from the [[Armenian SSR]], started a movement to have the autonomous oblast transferred to the Armenian SSR.<ref>Audrey L. Altstadt. ''The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule''. Hoover Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0817991824}}, 9780817991821</ref> In August 1987, Karabakh Armenians sent a petition for union with Armenia with tens of thousands of signatures to Moscow.<ref>Black Garden, Thomas de Waal, page 292</ref>
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