Editing Nîmes (section)

====4th–13th centuries====

{{multiple image
 | image1 = Augustus colonia nemausus dupondius type 4 obverse.jpg
 | image2 = Augustus colonia nemausus dupondius type 4 reverse.jpg
 | footer = Nîmes, [[dupondius]] of [[Augustus]], 10 – 14 a. D., Commemorating the conquest of [[Egypt]] in 30 BC.
Obverse: Back to back head of Agrippa left wearing rostral crown, and laureate head of Augustus right; on either side, inscription. Above and below, inscription. Border of dots. Lettering: "IMP P P DIVI F" ("IMPerator DIVI Filius Pater Patriæ", Emperor, Son of the Divine Father of the Nation).
Reverse: [[Crocodile]] to right, chained by neck to a [[palm-tree]] with tip bending left, two short palms on either side of trunk; on right, inscription; on left, inscription surmounted by a crown with two long tails to right. Border of dots. Lettering: "COL NEM" ("Colonia Nemausus", Colony of Nemausus)
}}

When the Visigoths were accepted into the Roman Empire, Nîmes was included in their territory in 472, even after the Frankish victory at the [[Battle of Vouillé]] (507). The urban landscape went through transformation with the Goths, but much of the heritage of the Roman era remained largely intact.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

By 725, the Muslim [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] had conquered the whole Visigothic territory of [[Septimania]] including Nîmes. In 736–737, [[Charles Martel]] and his brother led an expedition to Septimania and Provence, and largely destroyed the city (in the hands of Umayyads allied with the local Gallo-Roman and Gothic nobility), including the amphitheatre, thereafter heading back north. The Muslim government came to an end in 752, when [[Pepin the Short]] captured the city. In 754, an uprising took place against the Carolingian king, but was put down, and count Radulf, a Frank, appointed as master of the city. After the events connected with the war, Nîmes was now only a shadow of the opulent [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city it had once been. The local authorities installed themselves in the remains of [[Arena of Nîmes|the amphitheatre]]. 
Islamic burials have been found in Nîmes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Netburn |first1=Deborah |title=Earliest Known Medieval Muslim Graves are Discovered in France |url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-muslim-graves-france-20160222-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225153655/http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-muslim-graves-france-20160222-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Newitz |first1=Annalee |title=Medieval Muslim Graves in France Reveal a Previously Unseen History |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/02/medieval-muslim-graves-in-france-reveal-a-previously-unseen-history/ |website=Ars Technica |date=24 February 2016 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201112701/https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/02/medieval-muslim-graves-in-france-reveal-a-previously-unseen-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=France's Earliest 'Muslim Burials' Found |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35660488 |work=BBC News |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707025628/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35660488 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gleize, Yves |author2=Mendisco, Fanny |author3=Pemonge, Marie-Hélène |author4=Hubert, Christophe |author5=Groppi, Alexis |author6=Houix, Bertrand |author7=Deguilloux, Marie-France |author8=Breuil, Jean-Yves |title=Early Medieval Muslim Graves in France: First Archaeological, Anthropological and Palaeogenomic Evidence |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=e0148583 |date=24 February 2016 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0148583 |pmid=26910855 |pmc=4765927 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1148583G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Charlemegne|Carolingian]] rule brought relative peace, but feudal times in the 12th century brought local troubles, which lasted until the days of [[Louis IX of France|St. Louis]]. During that period Nîmes was jointly administered by a bishop, as well as by a civil authority headquartered in the old amphitheater, where lived the Magistrate/ Viguier, as well as the Viguier's retainers, the Knights of the Arena. Meanwhile the city was represented by four Consuls, whose offices were located in the old Maison Carrée.

Despite incessant feudal squabbling, Nîmes saw some progress both in commerce and industry as well as in stock-breeding and associated activities.  After the last effort by [[Raymond VII of Toulouse]], St. Louis managed to establish royal power in the region which became [[Languedoc]]. Nîmes thus finally came into the hands of the King of France.