Editing Munich (section)

===Capital of reunited Bavaria===
[[File:Antiquarium, Münchner Residenz.jpg|thumbnail|280px|right|The Renaissance ''Antiquarium'' of the Residenz]]
When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief [[War of the Succession of Landshut|war]] against the Duchy of [[Bavaria-Landshut|Landshut]], Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} The [[Renaissance]] movement beset Munich and the Bavarian branch of the [[House of Wittelsbach]] under Duke [[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria|Albrecht V]] who bolstered their prestige by conjuring up a lineage that reached back to [[classical antiquity]]. In 1568 Albrecht V built the Antiquarium to house the [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|Wittelsbach collection of Greek and Roman antiquities]] in the [[Residenz, Munich|Munich Residenz]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=88}}</ref> Albrecht V appointed the composer [[Orlando di Lasso]] as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late [[Renaissance music]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=90}}</ref> During the rule of [[William V, Duke of Bavaria|Duke William V]] Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor [[Charlemagne]] as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=88}}</ref>

Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the [[Jesuit]] [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|Michaelskirche]]. He had the sermons of his Jesuit court preacher [[Jeremias Drexel]] translated from Latin into German and published them to a greater audience.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=92}}</ref> William V was addressed with the epithet "the Pious" and like his contemporary Wittelsbach dukes promoted himself as "father of the land" (''Landesvater''), encouraged pilgrimages and [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Marian devotions]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, C. 1550–1650 |author1=Andrew L. Thomas |publisher=BRILL |year=2010 |isbn=9789004183704 |page=101}}</ref> William V had the [[Hofbräuhaus]] built in 1589. It would become the prototype for [[beer hall]]s across Munich. After [[World War II]] the Residenze, the Hofbräuhaus, the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]], and the [[St. Peter's Church, Munich|Peterskirche]] were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the [[Nazi Party]] seized power in 1933.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning |author1=Charles E. Greer |author2=Daniel C. Knudsen |author3=Michelle M. Metro-Roland |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2016 |isbn=9781317108139 |page=69}}</ref>

[[File:Marcktzumuenchen.png|thumb|right|[[Marienplatz]], Munich, about 1650]]
[[File:Mun flags frauenkirche.jpg|thumb|upright|Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in the background]]
The [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic League]] was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623, during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648), Munich became an electoral residence when Duke [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] was invested with the [[prince-elector|electoral dignity]], but in 1632 the city was occupied by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Manual of Dates |date = 1877 |edition=5th |chapter= Munich |author=George Henry Townsend |publisher=Frederick Warne & Co. |hdl = 2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89097349427?urlappend=%3Bseq=667 |via=HathiTrust}}</ref>

In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| page=104}}</ref> The [[bubonic plague]] nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| page=105}}</ref> During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coping with Life During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |author1=  Sigrun Haude  |publisher=  Brill| year=2021| isbn= 9789004467385| pages=108–109}}</ref>

Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of [[Baroque]] life, but also had to suffer under [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] occupations in 1704 and 1742.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} When Elector [[Maximilian III Joseph]] died in 1745, the succession empowered the [[Count palatine|Palatinate]] branch within the [[House of Wittelsbach]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes] |author1=Brian A. Pavlac | author2= Elizabeth S. Lott |publisher= ABC-CLIO| year=2019| isbn=9781440848568| page=85}}</ref>

In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited by [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Karl Theodor]]. The new duke was disliked by the citizens of Munich for his supposedly enlightened ideas. In 1785 Karl Theodor invited Count Rumford [[Benjamin Thompson]] to take up residency in Munich and implement stringent social reforms. The poor were forced to live in newly built [[workhouses]]. The Bavarian army was restructured, with common soldiers receiving better food and reassurances that they would be treated humanely by officers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=113}}</ref> Munich was the largest German city to lose [[fortification]] in the 1790s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=106}}</ref> In 1791 Karl Theodor and Count Rumford started to demolish Munich's fortifications.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=112}}</ref> After 1793 Munich's citizens, including house servants, carpenters, butchers, merchants, and court officials, seized the opportunity, building new houses, stalls, and sheds outside the city walls.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Defortification of the German City, 1689–1866 |author1=  Yair Mintzker  |publisher=  Cambridge University Press| year=2012| isbn=9781108577755| page=113}}</ref>

After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] in 1806 with Elector [[Maximillian IV Joseph]] becoming its first king. The state parliament (the ''[[Landtag]]'') and the new [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|archdiocese of Munich and Freising]] were also located in the city.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the [[secularization]] of Bavaria. He had dissolved all [[monasteries]] in 1802 and once crowned, Maximilian Joseph generated state revenues by selling off church lands. While many monasteries were reestablished, Maximilian Joseph I succeeded in controlling the right to brew beer (''Braurecht''). The king handed the brewing monopoly to Munich's wealthiest brewers, who in turn paid substantial taxes on their beer production. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and [[journeymen]] a brewery could employ. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |pages=136–137}}</ref> In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown prince and princess [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]. The parades in regional dress (''Tracht'') represented the diversity of the kingdom. The fields are now part of the [[Theresienwiese]] and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual [[Oktoberfest]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Regional Dress: Between Tradition and Modernity |author1=Sara Hume |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2022 |isbn=9781350147997 |pages=169–170}}</ref>

The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (''Wirtshäuser'') were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the [[Competition (economics)|competition]] among breweries.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |page=140}}</ref> In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |page=149}}</ref> By the 1850s beer had become essential [[staple food]] for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious ''liquid bread'' (''fließendes Brot'') in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor [[Sanitation|water sanitation]] and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the ''fifth element''. Beer was essential in maintaining [[public health]] in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The City and the Senses: Urban Culture Since 1500 |author1=Alexander Cowan |author2=Jill Steward |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Limited |year=2013 |isbn=9781409479604 |pages=143–144}}</ref>

[[File:Justizpalast Munich.jpg|thumb|The [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Palace of Justice]] in Baroque Revival style]]
In 1832 [[Peter von Hess]] painted the [[Greek War of Independence]] at the order of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]. Ludwig I had the [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]] built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. [[Leo von Klenze]] supervised the construction of a [[Propylaea_(Munich) |Propylaea]] between 1854 and 1862.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historical Memory in Greece, 1821–1930: Performing the Past in the Present |author1=Christina Koulouri |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=9781000638653|pages=}}</ref>

During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion.<ref>Brigitte Huber: Mauern, Tore Bastionen. München und seine Befestigungen. Hrsg.: Historischer Verein von Oberbayern. Volk Verlag, München 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-86222-182-0}}</ref> The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to [[Augsburg]] in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station ([[München Hauptbahnhof]]) was completed, with a line going to [[Landshut]] and [[Regensburg]] in the north.<ref>Bernhard Ücker: Die bayrische Eisenbahn 1835–1920. Süddeutscher Verlag, München, {{ISBN|3-7991-6255-0}}</ref><ref>Siegfried Bufe: Hauptbahn München–Regensburg. Bufe Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1997, {{ISBN|3-922138-61-6}}.</ref> In 1825 [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]] had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as [[Leo von Klenze]] to design a series of public museums in [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I gave Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |pages=6–7}}</ref> Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener [[Carl von Effner]] landscaped the banks of the river [[Isar]] and established the ''Maximilian Gardens''. From 1848 the ''[[Münchner Neueste Nachrichten]]'' was published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the [[Maximilianeum]] was begun.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Thinking the Contemporary Landscape |author1= Christophe Girot | author2= Dora Imhof |publisher= Princeton Architectural Press |year=2016 |isbn= 9781616895594 |pages=56}}</ref>

By the time [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] became king in 1864, he remained mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside, which is why he is known the world over as the 'fairytale king'. Ludwig II tried to lure [[Richard Wagner]] to Munich, but his plans for an opera house were declined by the city council. Ludwig II nevertheless generated a windfall for Munich's craft and construction industries. In 1876 Munich hosted the first German Art and Industry Exhibition, which showcased the northern [[Neo-Renaissance]] fashion that came to be the [[German Empire]]'s predominant style. Munich based artists put on the German National Applied Arts Exhibition in 1888, showcasing [[Baroque Revival architecture]] and [[Rococo Revival]] designs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=8}}</ref>
[[File:München Jugendstil 1.jpg|thumb|right|Jugendstil style house at Leopoldstr. 77, [[Münchner Freiheit]]]]

In 1900 [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] moved to Munich, where he was appointed as a professor of physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology |author1= Gerd Rosenbusch | author2= Annemarie de Knecht-van Eekelen | publisher= Springer International Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9783319976617 |page=115}}</ref>

The Prince Regent [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]]'s reign from 1886 to 1912 was marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=9}}</ref> At the dawn of the 20th century Munich was an epicenter for the [[Jugendstil]] movement, combining a liberal magazine culture with progressive [[industrial design]] and architecture. The German art movement took its name from the Munich magazine ''Die Jugend'' (''The Youth'').<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=11}}</ref> Prominent Munich Jugendstil artists include [[Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas]], [[Otto Eckmann]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=12}}</ref> [[Margarethe von Brauchitsch]], [[August Endell]], [[Hermann Obrist]], [[Wilhelm von Debschitz]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=15}}</ref> and [[Richard Riemerschmid]]. In 1905 two large department stores opened in Munich, the Kaufhaus Oberpollinger and the [[Hermann Tietz|Warenhaus Hermann Tietz]], both having been designed by the architect [[Max Littmann]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jugendstil Women and the Making of Modern Design |author1=Sabine Wieber |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=9781350088542 |page=25}}</ref> In 1911 the [[expressionist]] group [[Der Blaue Reiter]] was established in Munich. Its founding members include [[Gabriele Münter]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=German Cities and Bourgeois Modernism, 1890-1924 |author1=Maiken Umbach |publisher=BOUP Oxford |year=2009 |isbn=9780199557394 |page=120}}</ref>