Editing Mumbai (section)

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Mumbai}}
{{See also|South Mumbai|Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai}}

Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of [[Salsette Island]], which lies between the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Thane Creek]] to the east and [[Vasai Creek]] to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. [[Navi Mumbai]] is east of Thane Creek and [[Thane]] is north of [[Vasai Creek]]. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]], which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] (Mahrashtra State Centre) |url=http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513120309/http://www.maharashtra.nic.in/htmldocs/Activity/mumbai_sub.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> The city district region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City'' or [[South Mumbai]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp" /> The total area of Mumbai is {{convert|603.4|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |title=City Profile of Greater Mumbai |publisher=Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114633/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/city_profile.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Of this, the island city spans {{convert|67.79|km2}}, while the suburban district spans {{convert|370|km2}}, together accounting for {{convert|437.71|km2}} under the administration of [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the [[Mumbai Port Trust]], the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] which includes portions of [[Thane district|Thane]], [[Palghar district|Palghar]] and [[Raigad district|Raigad]] districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of {{convert|4,355|km2}}.<ref name="projectsecoa1" />
Mumbai lies at the mouth of the [[Ulhas River]] on the western coast of India,<!-- DO NOT change this to Maharashtra as Konkan extends to Goa --> in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]] (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the [[Thane district]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbai is bounded by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from {{convert|10|to|15|m}};<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> the city has an average elevation of {{convert|14|m}}.<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web |publisher=Weatherbase |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |title=Mumbai, India |access-date=19 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316121943/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer= |archive-date=16 March 2006}}</ref> Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> and the highest point in the city is {{convert|450|m}} at Salsette in the [[Powai]]–[[Kanheri]] ranges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]] |last1=Srinivasu |first1=T. |last2=Pardeshi |first2=Satish |access-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html |archive-date=17 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the [[Mumbai suburban district]], and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of {{convert|103.09|km2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>

Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Lower Vaitarna]], [[Upper Vaitarna Dam|Upper Vaitarna]], [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], [[Tansa Dam|Tansa]] and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |format=PPT |title=Salient Features of Powai Lake |publisher=Department of Environment ([[Government of Maharashtra]]) |pages=1–3 |access-date=29 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> Three small rivers, the [[Dahisar River]], [[Poisar River|Poinsar (or Poisar)]] and [[Oshiwara River|Ohiwara (or Oshiwara)]] originate within the park, while the [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays, stretching from the [[Thane creek]] on the
eastern to Madh Marve on the western front.<ref>{{cite news |title=Security web for city coastline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |date=13 December 2008 |last=Sen |first=Somit |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803214157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> The underlying rock of the region is composed of black [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] basalt flows, and their acidic and [[basic (chemistry)|basic]] variants dating back to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] eras.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbai sits on a [[Seismicity|seismically active]] zone owing to the presence of 23 [[fault line]]s in the vicinity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kanth |first1=S. T. G. Raghu |last2=Iyenagar |first2=R. N. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=91 |title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City |date=10 December 2006 |issue=11 |page=1486 |access-date=3 September 2009 |quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202112243/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> The area is classified as a [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|Seismic Zone III region]],<ref>{{cite map |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |title=Seismic Zoning Map |access-date=20 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008}}</ref> which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]) |access-date=6 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094722/http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |archive-date=13 December 2007}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Mumbai_432_pan_crop_375_(27105063465).jpg|[[Satellite image]] of Mumbai
File:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|Mumbai consists of two revenue districts.
</gallery>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Mumbai}}
{{See also|Mumbai Climate Action Plan}}
{{climate chart
| Mumbai
| 17 | 31 | 1
| 18 | 32 | 1
| 21 | 33 | 0
| 24 | 34| 1
| 27 | 34 | 12
| 26 | 32 | 523
| 25 | 30 | 868
| 25 | 30 | 624
| 25 | 31 | 341
| 24 | 33 | 93
| 21 | 34 | 16
| 19 | 32 | 4
| units = metric
| float = right
| clear = right
| source = "India Meteorological Department" }}
[[File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai|alt=The average temperature ranges between {{cvt|23|°C|0}} in January to {{cvt|30|°C|0}} in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about {{cvt|600|mm|2}} in July, falling back more gradually.]]
[[File:Bandra_Worli_Sea_Link_Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Mumbai during a [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]]]

Mumbai has an extreme [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] (''Aw'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]], although the central and northern suburbs have a [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') with even heavier wet season rainfall. Mumbai has a virtually rainless period extending from October to May and an extremely wet period peaking in July.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> A cooler season from December to February is followed by a hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|south west monsoon]] season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>

Between June and September, the [[South-west monsoon]] rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{cvt|3452|mm|0}} for 1954.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was {{cvt|944|mm|0}} on [[Maharashtra floods of 2005|26 July 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106115301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The average total annual rainfall is {{cvt|2213.4|mm|0}} for the Island City, and {{cvt|2502.3|mm|0}} for the suburbs.<ref name="clra" />

The average annual temperature is {{cvt|27|°C|0}}, and the average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is {{cvt|2213|mm|0}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is {{cvt|31|°C|0}}, while the average minimum temperature is {{cvt|24|°C|0}}. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from {{cvt|29|°C|0}} to {{cvt|33|°C|0}}, while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from {{cvt|16|°C|0}} to {{cvt|26|°C|0}}.<ref name="clra" /> The record high is {{cvt|42.2|°C|0}} set on 14 April 1952,<ref name=IMDextremes>{{cite web |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date= 5 February 2020 |url=http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |access-date= 1 March 2020}}</ref> and the record low is {{cvt|7.4|°C|0}} set on 27 January 1962.<ref name=IMDextremes /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-still-cold-at-8-6-degree-c/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |title=Mumbai still cold at 8.6&nbsp;°C |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref>

Tropical cyclones are rare in the city. The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached {{cvt|151|km/h}} in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 1948 |title=Cyclone hits Bombay; isolates city |pages=1 |work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957) |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article22707765 |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117152400/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22707765 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyclone Nisarga: When 1948 November storm left 38 dead and 47 missing in Bombay |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |access-date=14 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015205103/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/cyclone-nisarga-when-1948-november-storm-left-38-dead-and-47-missing-in-bombay |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 June 2020 |title=When 20-hour storm paralysed Bombay: Old-timers recall fury of cyclone which hit Mumbai in 1948 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |access-date=14 September 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924134216/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-20-hour-storm-paralysed-bombay-old-timers-recall-fury-of-cyclone-which-hit-mumbai-in-1948-1685017-2020-06-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mumbai is prone to [[monsoon]] floods,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |title=Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526081238/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-floods-why-india-s-cities-are-struggling-with-extreme-rainfall/story-wsWPNy2MXh4b9JYTqtA0QJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |title=Will Mumbai flood this year too? BMC starts to find solution |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-mumbai-flood-this-year-too-bmc-starts-to-find-solutions/story-jWxMNBb5M37hj5MvC3kqQI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> exacerbated by [[climate change]] which affects heavy rains and [[high tide]] in the sea. According to the [[World Bank]], unplanned drainage system and [[Informal housing|informal settlement]] is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai.<ref name="WEF">{{cite web|title= How Twitter is helping one Indian city map monsoon floods|url= https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|last= Srivastava|first= Roli|work= [[World Economic Forum]]|date= 8 July 2022|access-date= 3 October 2022|archive-date= 3 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221003153927/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/twitter-indian-city-map-monsoon-floods/|url-status= live}}</ref> Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its [[Geographical feature|geographic location]], Mumbai urban is peninsular in form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburbs that sit on an elevated location. Over the past few decades, new informal settlements were formed in the suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either [[swamp]]ed, washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over the past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the [[2005 Mumbai floods]] are characterised by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of {{USD}} 1.2&nbsp;billion.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel">{{cite book|title=Adapting Cities to Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|pages=134–140|last3=Satterthwaite|first3=David|last2=Bicknell|first2=Jane|last1=Dodman|first1=David|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136572548|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328163059/https://books.google.com/books?id=HX_i-QdqD0wC|url-status=live}}</ref> In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the [[Maharashtra government]] adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of [[Mithi River]], and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for the evacuation of the residents of those areas to temporary safe camps.<ref name="WEF" /><ref name="david,david&Janel" /><ref name="LSC">{{cite journal|title=An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|pages=142–157|last13=Ranger|first13=Nicola|last12=Hallegatte|first12=Stéphane|last11=Bhattacharya|first11=Sumana|last10=Bachu|first10=Murthy|last9=Priya|first9=Satya|last8=Dhore|first8=K.|last7=Rafique|first7=Farhat|last6=Mathur|first6=P.|last5=Naville|first5=Nicolas|last4=Henriet|first4=Fanny|last3=Herweijer|first3=Celine|last2=Pohit|first2=Sanjib|last1=Corfee|first1=Morlot|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|date=31 December 2010|issn=0165-0009|access-date=3 October 2022|journal=Climatic Change|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003152426/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33459/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Ranger,%20N_Assessment%20of%20potential%20impact_Ranger_Assessment%20potential%20impact_2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{center|

{{Mumbai weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = Mumbai ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]], located in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1951–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 37.4
| Feb record high C = 39.6
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 42.2
| May record high C = 41.0
| Jun record high C = 39.8
| Jul record high C = 36.2
| Aug record high C = 33.7
| Sep record high C = 37.0
| Oct record high C = 38.6
| Nov record high C = 37.6
| Dec record high C = 37.2
| year record high C = 42.2
| Jan high C = 31.2
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 33.4
| May high C = 33.7
| Jun high C = 32.5
| Jul high C = 30.4
| Aug high C = 30.2
| Sep high C = 30.9
| Oct high C = 33.6
| Nov high C = 34.1
| Dec high C = 32.6
| year high C = 32.3
|Jan mean C = 24.6
|Feb mean C = 25.3
|Mar mean C = 27.6
|Apr mean C = 28.8
|May mean C = 30.2
|Jun mean C = 29.3
|Jul mean C = 27.9
|Aug mean C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 27.9
|Oct mean C = 29.0
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 25.8
|year mean C = 
| Jan low C = 16.9
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 24.2
| May low C = 27.0
| Jun low C = 26.6
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 25.2
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 21.4
| Dec low C = 18.4
| year low C = 22.8
| Jan record low C = 7.4
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 12.7
| Apr record low C = 16.9
| May record low C = 20.2
| Jun record low C = 19.8
| Jul record low C = 21.2
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.7
| Oct record low C = 16.7
| Nov record low C = 13.3
| Dec record low C = 10.6
| year record low C = 7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.2
| Feb rain mm = 0.2
| Mar rain mm = 0.1
| Apr rain mm = 0.1
| May rain mm = 7.3
| Jun rain mm = 526.3
| Jul rain mm = 919.9
| Aug rain mm = 560.8
| Sep rain mm = 383.5
| Oct rain mm = 91.3
| Nov rain mm = 11.0
| Dec rain mm = 1.6
| year rain mm = 2502.3
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.1
| Apr rain days = 0.0
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 14.0
| Jul rain days = 23.3
| Aug rain days = 21.4
| Sep rain days = 14.4
| Oct rain days = 3.9
| Nov rain days = 0.6
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 78.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 49
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 51
| Apr humidity = 59
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 81
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 63
| Nov humidity = 54
| Dec humidity = 51
| year humidity = 63
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |title=Climatological Information - Mumbai (Santacruz) (43003) |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721003320/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=43003 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43003
| title = Normals Data: Bombay / Santacruz – India Latitude: 19.12°N Longitude: 72.85°E Height: 14 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}
}}<!-- end of "center" -->

=== Air pollution ===
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Mumbai.<ref>Borwankari, Vinamrata. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms "Air pollution killed 81,000 in Delhi & Mumbai, cost Rs 70,000 crore in 2015."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529044308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/air-pollution-killed-81000-in-delhi-mumbai-cost-rs-70000-crore-in-2015/articleshow/56656252.cms |date=29 May 2024 }}  ''Times of India''. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Chatterjee, Badri. [http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html "Mumbai breathes 2017's cleanest air; 'good' AQI after 6 months."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153636/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-breathes-2017-s-cleanest-air-good-aqi-after-6-months/story-4YoZQvrZSFBNOOcf6tmKBK.html |date=6 May 2017 }} ''Hindustan Times''. 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>Express News Service. [http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ "Air quality in Mumbai three times worse than Delhi."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318200948/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/air-quality-in-mumbai-3-times-worse-than-delhi-4568124/ |date=18 March 2017 }} ''Indian Express''. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]] Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }} ''World Health Organization''. May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> the annual average [[PM2.5]] concentration in 2013 was 63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines<ref name="guidelines">[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ WHO Air Quality Guidelines.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |date=4 January 2016 }} ''World Health Organization''. September 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2017.</ref> for the annual mean PM2.5. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]] for the [[Government of India]] and the [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai]] monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data.<ref>[https://data.gov.in/ "Central Pollution Control Board Air Quality Information."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619153514/https://data.gov.in/ |date=19 June 2016 }} ''Open Government Data Platform India.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ "U.S. Embassy Air Quality Data."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116102725/https://in.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/mumbai/air-quality-data/ |date=16 January 2018 }} ''U.S. Department of State, Mission Air Quality.'' Retrieved 30 June 2017.</ref> In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]] launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution |work=The Source |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |date=4 December 2019 |access-date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529072244/https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mumbai has been ranked 24th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>