Editing Moscow (section)

===Empire (1721–1917)===
{{Main|Moscow Governorate}}
{{Further|Russian Empire}}
{{Panorama
|image=File:Круговая панорама Москвы со Спасской башни Кремля.jpg
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|caption={{center|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Moscow from the [[Spasskaya Tower]] in 1819–1823}}
|alt=Panorama of Moscow in 1819-1823
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After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The [[1770–1772 Russian plague]] killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Melikishvili |first=Alexander |year=2006 |volume=36 |pages=19–31 |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |title=Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period |issue=1 |url=http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |doi=10.1080/10408410500496763 |citeseerx=10.1.1.204.1976 |pmid=16610335 |s2cid=7420734 |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123034404/http://cns.miis.edu/antiplague/pdfs/melikishvili.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip}} long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called ''val'' ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The [[Tsar Cannon]] was located on the platform of the [[Lobnoye mesto]]. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the [[M10 highway (Russia)|M10 highway]], was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old [[Tver]] road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as ''[[Leningradsky Prospekt|Peterburskoye Schosse]]'' after it was paved in the 1780s. [[Petrovsky Palace]] was built in 1776–1780 by [[Matvey Kazakov]]. Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built.

[[File:Fireofmoscow.jpg|thumb|Napoleon retreating during the [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Fire of Moscow]], after the failed [[French invasion of Russia|French invasion]]]]
[[File:Moscou. Le Kremlin LOC ppmsca.52725.jpg|thumb|[[Moskva (river)|Moskva]] riverfront in the 19th century]]

When [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|invaded]] Russia in 1812, the Muscovites were evacuated. The [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|Moscow fire]] was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's ''[[Grande Armée]]'' was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a ''Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow'' was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] and the [[Kremlin Armoury]], the [[Moscow University]], the [[Moscow Manege]] (Riding School), and the [[Bolshoi Theatre]]. The [[Arbat Street]] had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. [[Moscow State University]] was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by [[Domenico Giliardi]]. The ''[[Moskovskiye Vedomosti]]'' newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

In the 1830s, general [[Alexander Bashilov]] planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. [[Khodynka Field|Khodynka field]] south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of [[Belorussky Rail Terminal]]) was inaugurated in 1870. [[Sokolniki Park]], in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban [[Savyolovsky Rail Terminal]] was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or [[Mayor]], was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

When [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.<ref>Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880", ''Russian Review'' (2008) 67#2 pp. 243–274.</ref> In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.