Editing Moscovium (section)

==Predicted properties==
Other than nuclear properties, no properties of moscovium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<ref name="Superheavy element Bloomberg"/> and the fact that it decays very quickly. Properties of moscovium remain unknown and only predictions are available.

===Nuclear stability and isotopes===
{{Main|Isotopes of moscovium}}
[[File:Island of Stability derived from Zagrebaev.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.8|The expected location of the island of stability. The dotted line is the line of [[beta stability]].]]
Moscovium is expected to be within an [[island of stability]] centered on [[copernicium]] (element 112) and [[flerovium]] (element 114).<ref name="Zagrebaev">{{cite conference |last1=Zagrebaev |first1=Valeriy |last2=Karpov |first2=Alexander |last3=Greiner |first3=Walter |date=2013 |title=Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years? |publisher=IOP Science |book-title=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=420 |pages=1–15 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/420/1/012001/pdf/1742-6596_420_1_012001.pdf |access-date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia|first1=Glenn D. |last1= Considine |first2=Peter H. |last2= Kulik|publisher=Wiley-Interscience|date=2002|edition=9th|isbn=978-0-471-33230-5|oclc=223349096}}</ref> Due to the expected high fission barriers, any nucleus within this [[island of stability]] exclusively decays by alpha decay and perhaps some electron capture and [[beta decay]].{{Fricke1975|ref}} Although the known isotopes of moscovium do not actually have enough neutrons to be on the island of stability, they can be seen to approach the island as in general, the heavier isotopes are the longer-lived ones.<ref name="E117"/><ref name="SHEsummary" /><ref name="E115" />

The hypothetical isotope <sup>291</sup>Mc is an especially interesting case as it has only one neutron more than the heaviest known moscovium isotope, <sup>290</sup>Mc. It could plausibly be synthesized as the daughter of <sup>295</sup>Ts, which in turn could be made from the reaction {{nowrap|<sup>249</sup>Bk(<sup>48</sup>Ca,2n)<sup>295</sup>Ts}}.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> Calculations show that it may have a significant [[electron capture]] or [[positron emission]] decay mode in addition to alpha decay and also have a relatively long half-life of several seconds. This would produce <sup>291</sup>[[flerovium|Fl]], <sup>291</sup>Nh, and finally <sup>291</sup>[[copernicium|Cn]] which is expected to be in the middle of the island of stability and have a half-life of about 1200&nbsp;years, affording the most likely hope of reaching the middle of the island using current technology. Possible drawbacks are that the cross section of the production reaction of <sup>295</sup>Ts is expected to be low and the decay properties of superheavy nuclei this close to the line of [[beta stability]] are largely unexplored.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> The heavy isotopes from <sup>291</sup>Mc to <sup>294</sup>Mc might also be produced using charged-particle evaporation, in the <sup>245</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,p''x''n) and <sup>248</sup>Cm(<sup>48</sup>Ca,p''x''n) reactions.<ref name=Yerevan2023PPT/><ref name=pxn/>

The light isotopes <sup>284</sup>Mc, <sup>285</sup>Mc, and <sup>286</sup>Mc could be made from the <sup>241</sup>Am+<sup>48</sup>Ca reaction. They would undergo a chain of alpha decays, ending at transactinide isotopes too light to be made by hot fusion and too heavy to be made by cold fusion.<ref name=Zagrebaev/> The isotope <sup>286</sup>Mc was found in 2021 at Dubna, in the {{nowrap|<sup>243</sup>Am(<sup>48</sup>Ca,5n)<sup>286</sup>Mc}} reaction: it decays into the already-known <sup>282</sup>Nh and its daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flerovlab.jinr.ru/update-on-the-experiments-at-the-she-factory/|title=Update on the experiments at the SHE Factory |publisher=Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions |date=27 January 2022 |first=N. |last=Kovrizhnykh |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> The yet lighter <sup>282</sup>Mc and <sup>283</sup>Mc could be made from <sup>243</sup>Am+<sup>44</sup>Ca, but the cross-section would likely be lower.<ref name=Zagrebaev/>

Other possibilities to synthesize nuclei on the island of stability include quasifission (partial fusion followed by fission) of a massive nucleus.<ref name="ZG" /> Such nuclei tend to fission, expelling doubly [[Magic number (physics)|magic]] or nearly doubly magic fragments such as [[calcium-40]], [[tin-132]], [[lead-208]], or [[bismuth-209]].<ref name="jinr20006">{{cite web|title=JINR Annual Reports 2000–2006|url=http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html|publisher=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|JINR]]|access-date=2013-08-27}}</ref> It has been shown that the multi-nucleon transfer reactions in collisions of actinide nuclei (such as [[uranium]] and [[curium]]) might be used to synthesize the neutron-rich superheavy nuclei located at the [[island of stability]],<ref name="ZG">{{cite journal|last1=Zagrebaev |first1=V.|last2=Greiner |first2=W.|date=2008|title=Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions|journal=[[Physical Review C]]|volume=78 |issue=3 |page=034610|arxiv=0807.2537|bibcode=2008PhRvC..78c4610Z|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610}}</ref> although formation of the lighter elements [[nobelium]] or [[seaborgium]] is more favored.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> One last possibility to synthesize isotopes near the island is to use controlled [[nuclear explosion]]s to create a [[neutron flux]] high enough to bypass the gaps of instability at <sup>258–260</sup>[[fermium|Fm]] and at [[mass number]] 275 (atomic numbers [[rutherfordium|104]] to [[hassium|108]]), mimicking the [[r-process]] in which the [[actinide]]s were first produced in nature and the gap of instability around [[radon]] bypassed.<ref name="Zagrebaev" /> Some such isotopes (especially <sup>291</sup>Cn and <sup>293</sup>Cn) may even have been synthesized in nature, but would have decayed away far too quickly (with half-lives of only thousands of years) and be produced in far too small quantities (about 10<sup>−12</sup> the abundance of [[lead]]) to be detectable as [[primordial nuclide]]s today outside [[cosmic ray]]s.<ref name="Zagrebaev" />

===Physical and atomic===
In the [[periodic table]], moscovium is a member of group 15, the pnictogens. It appears below [[nitrogen]], [[phosphorus]], [[arsenic]], [[antimony]], and bismuth. Every previous pnictogen has five electrons in its valence shell, forming a [[valence electron]] configuration of ns<sup>2</sup>np<sup>3</sup>. In moscovium's case, the trend should be continued and the valence electron configuration is predicted to be 7s<sup>2</sup>7p<sup>3</sup>;<ref name="Haire" /> therefore, moscovium will behave similarly to its lighter [[congener (chemistry)|congeners]] in many respects. However, notable differences are likely to arise; a largely contributing effect is the [[spin–orbit interaction|spin–orbit (SO) interaction]]—the mutual interaction between the electrons' motion and [[Spin (physics)|spin]]. It is especially strong for the superheavy elements, because their electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms, at velocities comparable to the [[speed of light]].<ref name="Thayer" /> In relation to moscovium atoms, it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels<!--|level is an important word. Lv has no 8s electrons but they've been shown to affect its chem---> (stabilizing the corresponding electrons), but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilized more than the other four.<ref name="Faegri">{{cite journal|last1=Faegri |first1=K.|last2=Saue |first2=T.|date=2001|title=Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Physics]]|volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=2456|bibcode=2001JChPh.115.2456F|doi=10.1063/1.1385366|doi-access=free}}</ref> The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the [[inert-pair effect]], and the effect "tearing" the 7p subshell into the more stabilized and the less stabilized parts is called subshell splitting. Computation chemists see the split as a change of the second ([[azimuthal quantum number|azimuthal]]) [[quantum number]] ''l'' from 1 to {{frac|1|2}} and {{frac|3|2}} for the more stabilized and less stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively.<ref name="Thayer" />{{efn|The quantum number corresponds to the letter in the electron orbital name: 0 to s, 1 to p, 2 to d, etc. See [[azimuthal quantum number]] for more information.}} For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s{{su|p=2|w=70%}}7p{{su|b=1/2|p=2|w=70%}}7p{{su|b=3/2|p=1|w=70%}}.<ref name="Haire" /> These effects cause moscovium's chemistry to be somewhat different from that of its lighter [[congener (chemistry)|congeners]].

The valence electrons of moscovium fall into three subshells: 7s (two electrons), 7p<sub>1/2</sub> (two electrons), and 7p<sub>3/2</sub> (one electron). The first two of these are relativistically stabilized and hence behave as [[inert-pair effect|inert pairs]], while the last is relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemistry.<ref name="Haire" /> (The 6d electrons are not destabilized enough to participate chemically.){{Fricke1975|name}} Thus, the +1 [[oxidation state]] should be favored, like [[thallium|Tl]]<sup>+</sup>, and consistent with this the first [[ionization potential]] of moscovium should be around 5.58&nbsp;[[electronvolt|eV]], continuing the trend towards lower ionization potentials down the pnictogens.<ref name="Haire" /> Moscovium and nihonium both have one electron outside a quasi-closed shell configuration that can be [[delocalization|delocalized]] in the metallic state: thus they should have similar [[melting point|melting]] and [[boiling point]]s (both melting around 400&nbsp;°C and boiling around 1100&nbsp;°C) due to the strength of their [[metallic bond]]s being similar.{{Fricke1975|name}} Additionally, the predicted ionization potential, [[ionic radius]] (1.5&nbsp;[[angstrom|Å]] for Mc<sup>+</sup>; 1.0&nbsp;Å for Mc<sup>3+</sup>), and [[polarizability]] of Mc<sup>+</sup> are expected to be more similar to Tl<sup>+</sup> than its true congener [[bismuth|Bi<sup>3+</sup>]].{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium should be a dense metal due to its high [[atomic weight]], with a density around 13.5&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>.{{Fricke1975|name}} The electron of the [[hydrogen-like atom|hydrogen-like]] moscovium atom (oxidized so that it only has one electron, Mc<sup>114+</sup>) is expected to move so fast that it has a mass 1.82 times that of a stationary electron, due to [[relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]]. For comparison, the figures for hydrogen-like bismuth and antimony are expected to be 1.25 and 1.077 respectively.<ref name="Thayer">{{cite book |last1=Thayer |first1=John S. |title=Relativistic Methods for Chemists |volume=10 |date=2010 |pages=63–67, 83 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2|chapter=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8|publisher=Springer |series=Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics}}</ref>

===Chemical===
Moscovium is predicted to be the third member of the 7p series of [[chemical element]]s and the heaviest member of group 15 in the periodic table, below [[bismuth]]. Unlike the two previous 7p elements, moscovium is expected to be a good homologue of its lighter congener, in this case bismuth.<ref name="Zaitsevskii">{{cite web |url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/07_Sep/S_3/04_Titov.pdf |title=Relativistic DFT and ab initio calculations on the seventh-row superheavy elements: E113 - E114 |last1=Zaitsevskii |first1=A. |first2=C. |last2=van Wüllen |first3=A. |last3=Rusakov |first4=A. |last4=Titov |date=September 2007 |website=jinr.ru |access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref> In this group, each member is known to portray the group oxidation state of +5 but with differing stability. For nitrogen, the +5 state is mostly a formal explanation of molecules like [[dinitrogen pentoxide|N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]]: it is very difficult to have five [[covalent bond]]s to nitrogen due to the inability of the small nitrogen atom to accommodate five [[ligand]]s. The +5 state is well represented for the essentially non-relativistic typical pnictogens [[phosphorus]], [[arsenic]], and [[antimony]]. However, for bismuth it becomes rare due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals known as the [[inert-pair effect]], so that the 6s electrons are reluctant to bond chemically. It is expected that moscovium will have an inert-pair effect for both the 7s and the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons, as the [[binding energy]] of the lone 7p<sub>3/2</sub> electron is noticeably lower than that of the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons. Nitrogen(I) and bismuth(I) are known but rare and moscovium(I) is likely to show some unique properties,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Keller|first=O. L. Jr.|author2=C. W. Nestor Jr.|date=1974|title=Predicted properties of the superheavy elements. III. Element 115, Eka-bismuth|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry|volume=78|page=1945|doi=10.1021/j100612a015|issue=19|url=https://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2008102224700/1/Fricke_properties_1974.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-09 |access-date=2018-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809014613/https://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2008102224700/1/Fricke_properties_1974.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> probably behaving more like thallium(I) than bismuth(I).{{Fricke1975|name}} Because of spin-orbit coupling, [[flerovium]] may display closed-shell or noble gas-like properties; if this is the case, moscovium will likely be typically monovalent as a result, since the cation Mc<sup>+</sup> will have the same electron configuration as flerovium, perhaps giving moscovium some [[alkali metal]] character.{{Fricke1975|name}} Calculations predict that moscovium(I) fluoride and chloride would be ionic compounds, with an ionic radius of about 109–114&nbsp;pm for Mc<sup>+</sup>, although the 7p<sub>1/2</sub> lone pair on the Mc<sup>+</sup> ion should be highly [[polarizability|polarisable]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santiago |first1=Régis T. |last2=Haiduke |first2=Roberto L. A. |date=9 March 2020 |title=Determination of molecular properties for moscovium halides (McF and McCl) |journal=Theoretical Chemistry Accounts |volume=139 |issue=60 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1007/s00214-020-2573-4|s2cid=212629735}}</ref> The Mc<sup>3+</sup> cation should behave like its true lighter homolog Bi<sup>3+</sup>.{{Fricke1975|name}} The 7s electrons are too stabilized to be able to contribute chemically and hence the +5 state should be impossible and moscovium may be considered to have only three valence electrons.{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium would be quite a reactive metal, with a [[standard reduction potential]] of −1.5&nbsp;[[volt|V]] for the Mc<sup>+</sup>/Mc couple.{{Fricke1975|name}}

The chemistry of moscovium in [[aqueous solution]] should essentially be that of the Mc<sup>+</sup> and Mc<sup>3+</sup> ions. The former should be easily [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] and not be easily [[coordination complex|complexed]] with [[halide]]s, [[cyanide]], and [[ammonia]].{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium(I) [[hydroxide]] (McOH), [[carbonate]] (Mc<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), [[oxalate]] (Mc<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), and [[fluoride]] (McF) should be soluble in water; the [[sulfide]] (Mc<sub>2</sub>S) should be insoluble; and the [[chloride]] (McCl), [[bromide]] (McBr), [[iodide]] (McI), and [[thiocyanate]] (McSCN) should be only slightly soluble, so that adding excess [[hydrochloric acid]] would not noticeably affect the solubility of moscovium(I) chloride.{{Fricke1975|name}} Mc<sup>3+</sup> should be about as stable as Tl<sup>3+</sup> and hence should also be an important part of moscovium chemistry, although its closest [[Homologous series|homolog]] among the elements should be its lighter congener Bi<sup>3+</sup>.{{Fricke1975|name}} Moscovium(III) fluoride (McF<sub>3</sub>) and [[thiozonide]] (McS<sub>3</sub>) should be insoluble in water, similar to the corresponding bismuth compounds, while moscovium(III) chloride (McCl<sub>3</sub>), bromide (McBr<sub>3</sub>), and iodide (McI<sub>3</sub>) should be readily soluble and easily hydrolyzed to form [[oxyhalide]]s such as McOCl and McOBr, again analogous to bismuth.{{Fricke1975|name}} Both moscovium(I) and moscovium(III) should be common oxidation states and their relative stability should depend greatly on what they are complexed with and the likelihood of hydrolysis.{{Fricke1975|name}}

Like its lighter homologues [[ammonia]], [[phosphine]], [[arsine]], [[stibine]], and [[bismuthine]], moscovine (McH<sub>3</sub>) is expected to have a [[trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry]], with an Mc–H bond length of 195.4&nbsp;pm and a H–Mc–H bond angle of 91.8° (bismuthine has bond length 181.7&nbsp;pm and bond angle 91.9°; stibine has bond length 172.3&nbsp;pm and bond angle 92.0°).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santiago |first1=Régis T. |last2=Haiduke |first2=Roberto L. A. |date=2018 |title=Relativistic effects on inversion barriers of pyramidal group 15 hydrides |journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry |volume=118 |issue=14 |pages=e25585 |doi=10.1002/qua.25585}}</ref> In the predicted [[aromaticity|aromatic]] pentagonal planar {{chem|Mc|5|-}} cluster, analogous to [[pentazole|pentazolate]] ({{chem|N|5|-}}), the Mc–Mc bond length is expected to be expanded from the extrapolated value of 312–316&nbsp;pm<!--The citation states that covalent radius of Mc is 156–158 pm, so bond length is (156–158)*2 = 312–316--> to 329&nbsp;pm due to spin–orbit coupling effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez-Thon |first1=Luis |last2=Inostroza-Pino |first2=Natalia |date=2018 |title=Spin–Orbit Effects on Magnetically Induced Current Densities in the {{chem|M|5|-}} (M = N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc) Clusters |journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry |volume=2018 |issue=14 |pages=862–868 |doi=10.1002/jcc.25170|pmid=29396895 |s2cid=4721588}}</ref>