Editing Morocco (section)

== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Morocco}}
[[File:My_Toubkal.jpg|thumb|[[Toubkal]], the highest peak in Northern Africa, at {{convert|4167|m|abbr=on|0}}]]
[[File:Panorama Djebel el Kest.jpg|thumb|A section of the [[Anti-Atlas]] near [[Tafraout]]]]
[[File:Morocco Atlas 01.jpg|thumb|upright|An old [[Cedrus atlantica|Atlas cedar]] tree in the Atlas range]]
Morocco has a coast by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] that reaches past the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] into the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It is bordered by [[Spain]] to the north (a water border through the Strait and [[Morocco–Spain border|land borders]] with three small Spanish-controlled [[exclave]]s, [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] and [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]]), [[Algeria]] to the east, and [[Western Sahara]] to the south. Since Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, its ''de facto'' southern boundary is with [[Mauritania]].<ref name="West_Sahara">{{cite book | last=French | first=D. | title=Statehood and Self-Determination: Reconciling Tradition and Modernity in International Law | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-107-02933-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujd84R1TL2AC&pg=PA260 | access-date=June 14, 2024| pages=259–260}}</ref> The geography of Morocco spans from the Atlantic Ocean, to mountainous areas, to the Sahara desert. Morocco is a [[Northern Africa]]n country, bordering the [[North Atlantic Ocean]] and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and the annexed Western Sahara. It is one of only three nations (along with [[Spain]] and [[France]]) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://infcis.iaea.org/udepo/Resources/Countries/Morocco.pdf|title=Morocco|publisher=IAEA|website=IAEA.org|accessdate=June 14, 2024}}</ref>

A large part of Morocco is mountainous. The [[Atlas Mountains]] are located mainly in the centre and the south of the country. The [[Rif Mountains]] are located in the north of the country. Both ranges are mainly inhabited by the [[Berber people]].<ref name="Aïtel-2014">{{Cite book |last=Aïtel |first=Fazia |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895334326 |title=We are Imazigen: the development of Algerian Berber identity in twentieth-century literature and culture |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-8130-4895-6 |location=Gainesville, FL |publisher=University of Florida Press |oclc=895334326}}</ref> Its total area is about {{convert|446300|km2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BBC country profile">{{cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=Morocco country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14121438 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=BBC News |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127170356/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14121438 |url-status=live }}</ref> Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast, though the border between the two countries has been closed since 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/morocco-wants-normal-ties-with-algeria-king-says-2023-07-29/|title=Morocco wants normal ties with Algeria, king says|date=29 July 2023|accessdate=3 January 2024|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> The internationally recognised borders of the country lie between latitudes [[27th parallel north|27°]] and 36°N, and longitudes 1° and [[14th meridian west|14°W]]. Morocco's capital city is [[Rabat]], a city that is beside the [[Bou Regreg|Oued Bou Regreg River]]; its largest city is its main port, [[Casablanca]]. Other cities recording a population over 500,000 in the [[2014 Moroccan census]] are [[Fes]], [[Marrakesh]], [[Meknes]], [[Salé]] and [[Tangier]].<ref name="moroccocensus2014">{{cite web |date=8 April 2015 |title=Population Légale des Régions, Provinces, Préfectures, Municipalités, Arrondissements et Communes du Royaume D'Après Les Résultats du RGPH 2014 |url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010160550/http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/ |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=29 September 2017 |publisher=High Commission for Planning, Morocco |language=ar, fr}}</ref>

The Rif mountains stretch over the region bordering the Mediterranean from the northwest to the northeast. The Atlas Mountains run down the backbone of the country,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Morocco|volume=18|page=852|first1=James|last1=Meakin|first2=Kate|last2=Meakin}}</ref> from the northeast to the southwest. Most of the southeast portion of the country is in the [[Sahara Desert]] and as such is generally sparsely populated and unproductive economically. Most of the population lives to the north of these mountains, with Morocco's largest cities encapsulated by the [[Middle Atlas]] and the [[High Atlas]] mountain range, while to the south lies the Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that was annexed by Morocco in 1975 during the [[Green March]].{{efn|Pending resolution of the [[Western Sahara conflict]]}} Morocco claims that the Western Sahara is part of its territory and refers to that as its [[Southern Provinces]].<ref name="West_Sahara" />

Spanish territory in Northwest Africa neighbouring Morocco comprises five enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], [[Peñón de Alhucemas]], the [[Islas Chafarinas|Chafarinas]] islands and the disputed islet [[Isla Perejil|Perejil]]. Off the Atlantic coast the [[Canary Islands]] belong to Spain, whereas [[Madeira]] to the north is [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. To the north, Morocco is bordered by the Strait of Gibraltar, where international shipping has unimpeded [[transit passage]] between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Morocco is represented in the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] geographical encoding standard by the symbol ''MA''.<ref name="ISO3166">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/english_country_names_and_code_elements.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721191154/http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/english_country_names_and_code_elements.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |title= English country names and code elements |access-date=24 May 2008 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=15 May 2008}}</ref> This code was used as the basis for Morocco's internet domain, [[.ma]].<ref name="ISO3166"/>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Morocco Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] climate types in Morocco]]
In area, Morocco's climate is mainly "[[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|hot summer Mediterranean]]" (''Csa'') and "[[hot desert climate|hot desert]]" (''BWh'') zones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/morocco|title=Morocco - Summary|publisher=The World Bank Group|website=ClimateChangeKnowledgePortal.WorldBankGroup.org|accessdate=June 14, 2024}}</ref>

Central mountain ranges and the effects of the cold [[Canary Current]], off the [[Atlantic]] coast, are significant factors in Morocco's relatively large variety of vegetation zones, ranging from lush forests in the northern and central mountains, giving way to steppe, semi-arid and desert areas in the eastern and southern regions. The Moroccan coastal plains experience moderate temperatures even in summer.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pa00mtzd.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231120312/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pa00mtzd.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2023|title=Climate Change Risk Profile Morocco|publisher=United States Agency for International Development|website=[[USAID]]|access-date=June 14, 2024}}</ref>

In the Rif, Middle and High Atlas Mountains, there exist several different types of climates: Mediterranean along the coastal lowlands, giving way to a humid temperate climate at higher elevations with sufficient moisture to allow for the growth of different species of oaks, moss carpets, junipers, and Atlantic fir which is a royal conifer tree [[Endemism|endemic]] to Morocco.<ref name=gaussen>Gaussen, H. (1964). Genre ''Cedrus''. Les Formes Actuelles. ''Trav. Lab. For. Toulouse'' T2 V1 11: 295-320</ref> In the valleys, fertile soils and high precipitation allow for the growth of thick and lush forests. Cloud forests can be found in the west of the Rif Mountains and Middle Atlas Mountains. At higher elevations, the climate becomes alpine in character, and can sustain ski resorts.<ref name="climate"/>

Southeast of the Atlas mountains, near the Algerian borders, the climate becomes very dry, with long and hot summers. Extreme heat and low moisture levels are especially pronounced in the lowland regions east of the Atlas range due to the rain shadow effect of the mountain system. The southeasternmost portions of Morocco are very hot, and include portions of the [[Sahara]] desert, where vast swathes of sand dunes and rocky plains are dotted with lush [[Oasis|oases]].<ref name="city_climate">{{cite journal|title=Spatiotemporal Thermal Variations in Moroccan Cities: A Comparative Analysis|pmid=37448080|doi=10.3390/s23136229|author=Ahmed Derdouri|journal=Sensors|date=2023 |volume=23 |issue=13 |page=6229 |doi-access=free |pmc=10346751 |bibcode=2023Senso..23.6229D }}</ref>

In contrast to the Sahara region in the south, coastal [[plain]]s are fertile in the central and northern regions of the country, and comprise the backbone of the country's agriculture, in which 95% of the population live. The direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean, the proximity to mainland Europe and the long stretched Rif and Atlas mountains are the factors of the rather European-like climate in the northern half of the country. That makes Morocco a country of contrasts. [[Forest|Forested areas]] cover about 12% of the country while arable land accounts for 18%. Approximately 5% of Moroccan land is irrigated for agricultural use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/15725-WB_Morocco%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf|title=Climate Change Risk Profile Morocco|publisher=World Bank Group|accessdate=June 14, 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Merzouga sahara.jpg|thumb|Landscape of the [[Erg Chebbi]]]]
[[File:Djebel Toubkal 01.jpg|thumb|[[Atlas Mountains]]]]
In general, apart from the southeast regions (pre-Saharan and desert areas), Morocco's climate and geography are very similar to the Iberian peninsula. Thus Morocco has the following climate zones:
* '''Mediterranean:''' Dominates the coastal Mediterranean regions of the country, along the (500&nbsp;km strip), and some parts of the Atlantic coast. Summers are hot to moderately hot and dry, average highs are between {{convert|29|C|1}} and {{convert|32|C|1}}. Winters are generally mild and wet, daily average temperatures hover around {{convert|9|C|1}} to {{convert|11|C|1}}, and average low are around {{convert|5|C|1}} to {{convert|8|C|1}}, typical to the coastal areas of the west Mediterranean. Annual Precipitation in this area varies from 600 to 800&nbsp;mm in the west to 350–500&nbsp;mm in the east. Notable cities that fall into this zone are [[Tangier]], [[Tetouan]], [[Al Hoceima]], [[Nador]] and [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]].
* '''Sub-Mediterranean:''' It influences cities that show Mediterranean characteristics, but remain fairly influenced by other climates owing to their either relative elevation, or direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean. There are thus two main influencing climates:

:* ''Oceanic:'' Determined by the cooler summers, where highs are around {{convert|27|C|1}} and in terms of the Essaouira region, are almost always around {{convert|21|C|1}}. The medium daily temperatures can get as low as {{convert|19|C|1}}, while winters are chilly to mild and wet. Annual precipitation varies from 400 to 700&nbsp;mm. Notable cities that fall into this zone are [[Rabat]], [[Casablanca]], [[Kénitra]], [[Salé]] and [[Essaouira]].<ref name="city_climate"/>

:* ''Continental:'' Determined by the bigger gap between highs and lows, that results in hotter summers and colder winters, than found in typical Mediterranean zones. In summer, daily highs can get as high as {{convert|40|C|1}} during heat waves, but usually are between {{convert|32|C|1}} and {{convert|36|C|1}}. However, temperatures drop as the sun sets. Night temperatures usually fall below {{convert|20|C|1}}, and sometimes as low as {{convert|10|C|1}} in mid-summer. Winters are cooler, and can get below the freezing point multiple times between December and February. Also, snow can fall occasionally. Fès for example registered {{convert|-8|C|1}} in winter 2005. Annual precipitation varies between 500 and 900&nbsp;mm. Notable cities are [[Fès]], [[Meknès]], [[Chefchaouen]], [[Beni-Mellal]] and [[Taza]].<ref name="city_climate"/>
* '''Continental:''' Dominates the mountainous regions of the north and central parts of the country, where summers are hot to very hot, with highs between {{convert|32|C|1}} and {{convert|36|C|1}}. Winters on the other hand are cold, and lows usually go beyond the freezing point. And when cold damp air comes to Morocco from the northwest, for a few days, temperatures sometimes get below {{convert|-5|C|1}}. It often snows abundantly in this part of the country. Precipitation varies between 400 and 800&nbsp;mm. Notable cities are [[Khenifra]], [[Imilchil]], [[Midelt]] and [[Azilal]].
* '''Alpine:''' Found in some parts of the Middle Atlas Mountain range and the eastern part of the High Atlas Mountain range. Summers are very warm to moderately hot, and winters are longer, cold and snowy. Precipitation varies between 400 and 1200&nbsp;mm. In summer highs barely go above {{convert|30|C|1}}, and lows are cool and average below {{convert|15|C|1}}. In winters, highs average around {{convert|8|C|1}}, and lows go well below the freezing point. In this part of the country, there are many ski resorts, such as [[Oukaïmeden|Oukaimeden]] and Mischliefen. Notable cities are [[Ifrane]], [[Azrou]] and [[Boulmane]].
* '''Semi-arid:''' This type of climate is found in the south of the country and some parts of the east of the country, where rainfall is lower and annual precipitations are between 200 and 350&nbsp;mm. However, one usually finds Mediterranean characteristics in those regions, such as the precipitation pattern and thermal attributes. Notable cities are [[Agadir]], [[Marrakesh]] and [[Oujda]].<ref name="city_climate"/>

South of Agadir and east of Jerada near the Algerian borders, arid and desert climate starts to prevail.

Due to Morocco's proximity to the Sahara desert and the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean, two phenomena occur to influence the regional seasonal temperatures, either by raising temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when [[sirocco]] blows from the east creating heatwaves, or by lowering temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when cold damp air blows from the northwest, creating a coldwave or cold spell. However, these phenomena do not last for more than two to five days on average.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Impact of climate change on extremes events in Morocco|author1=W. Hammoudy|author2=R. Ilmen|author3=M. Sinan|journal=IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.|date=2022 |volume=1090 |issue=1 |page=012034 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1090/1/012034|bibcode=2022E&ES.1090a2034H |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Climate change in Morocco|Climate change]] is expected to significantly impact Morocco on multiple dimensions. As a coastal country with hot and arid climates, environmental impacts are likely to be wide and varied. As of the 2019 [[Climate Change Performance Index]], Morocco was ranked second in [[Climate change in Sweden|preparedness behind Sweden]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Morocco: Ranked second worldwide in climate change control|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/morocco-ranked-second-worldwide-in-climate-change-control/|date=30 April 2020|website=Afrik 21|language=en-US|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210154206/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/morocco-ranked-second-worldwide-in-climate-change-control/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{main|Wildlife of Morocco}}
[[File:Portrait of a father.jpg|thumb|An adult male [[Barbary macaque]] carrying his offspring, a behaviour rarely found in other primates]]
[[File:Caracal - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Caracal]]]]
Morocco has a wide range of [[biodiversity]]. It is part of the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean basin]], an area with exceptional concentrations of endemic species undergoing rapid rates of habitat loss, and is therefore considered to be a hotspot for conservation priority.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Myers|first1=Norman|last2=Mittermeier|first2=Russell A.|last3=Mittermeier|first3=Cristina G.|last4=da Fonseca|first4=Gustavo A. B.|last5=Kent|first5=Jennifer|date= 2000|title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities|journal=Nature|volume=403|issue=6772|pages=853–858|doi=10.1038/35002501|pmid=10706275|bibcode=2000Natur.403..853M|s2cid=4414279}}</ref> [[Bird|Avifauna]] are notably variant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanconservation.org/moroccoprofile.html |title=Profile on Morocco |access-date=10 May 2007 |publisher=African Conservation Foundation |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040302201903/http://www.africanconservation.org/moroccoprofile.html |archive-date = 2 March 2004}}</ref> The avifauna of Morocco includes a total of 454 species, five of which have been [[introduced species|introduced]] by humans, and 156 are rarely or accidentally seen.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.go-south.org/08_Go_SouthBulletin/gsb_7_15-55.pdf|author=Bergier, P.|author2=Thévenot, M.|year=2006|title=Liste des oiseaux du Maroc|journal=Go-South Bull|volume=3|pages=51–83|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223945/http://www.go-south.org/08_Go_SouthBulletin/gsb_7_15-55.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> Morocco is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests]], [[Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe]], [[Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets]], [[Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe]], [[Mediterranean woodlands and forests]] and [[North Saharan steppe and woodlands]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |display-authors=1 |year=2017 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |issn=0006-3568 |pmc=5451287 |pmid=28608869 |doi-access=free |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad}}</ref>

The [[Barbary lion]], hunted to extinction in the wild, was a subspecies native to Morocco and is a national emblem.<ref name=CIA/> The last Barbary lion in the wild was shot in the Atlas Mountains in 1922.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Nowell K, Jackson P|title=Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|chapter-url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf|year=1996|publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group|location=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8|pages=17–21|chapter=Panthera Leo|access-date=20 March 2011|archive-date=7 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215533/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The other two primary predators of northern Africa, the [[Atlas bear]] and [[Barbary leopard]], are now extinct and critically endangered, respectively. Relic populations of the [[West African crocodile]] persisted in the [[Draa river]] until the 20th century.<ref>"[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810113430/http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 |date=10 August 2018 }}". ''[[PLOS ONE]]''. 25 February 2011.</ref> The Barbary macaque, a primate endemic to Morocco and Algeria, is also facing extinction due to offtake for trade<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nijman|first1=Vincent|last2=Bergin|first2=Daniel|last3=Lavieren|first3=Els van|date=1 July 2015|title=Barbary macaques exploited as photo-props in Marrakesh's punishment square|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280111452|journal=ResearchGate|volume=Jul–Sep|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133214/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280111452|url-status=live}}</ref> human interruption, urbanisation, wood and real estate expansion that diminish forested area—the macaque's habitat.

Trade of animals and plants for food, pets, medicinal purposes, souvenirs and photo props is common across Morocco, despite laws making much of it illegal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergin|first1=Daniel|last2=Nijman|first2=Vincent|date=21 December 2015|title=Potential benefits of impending Moroccan wildlife trade laws, a case study in carnivore skins|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287807462|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|volume=25|issue=1|pages=199–201|doi=10.1007/s10531-015-1042-1|s2cid=34533018|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107220433/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287807462_Potential_benefits_of_impending_Moroccan_wildlife_trade_laws_a_case_study_in_carnivore_skins|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bergin|first1=Daniel|last2=Nijman|first2=Vincent|date=1 November 2014|title=Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748463|journal=ResearchGate|volume=26|issue=2|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748463|url-status=live}}</ref> This trade is unregulated and causing unknown reductions of wild populations of native Moroccan wildlife. Because of the proximity of northern Morocco to Europe, species such as cacti, tortoises, mammal skins, and high-value birds (falcons and bustards) are harvested in various parts of the country and exported in appreciable quantities, with especially large volumes of eel harvested – 60 tons exported to the Far East in the period 2009‒2011.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nijman|first1=Vincent|last2=Bergin|first2=Daniel|last3=Lavieren|first3=Els van|date=1 September 2016|title=Conservation in an ever-globalizing world: wildlife trade in, from, and through Morocco, a gateway to Europe|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307598081|journal=ResearchGate|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905012505/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307598081_Conservation_in_an_ever-globalizing_world_wildlife_trade_in_from_and_through_Morocco_a_gateway_to_Europe|url-status=live}}</ref>