Editing Monarchy of Ireland (section)

==Kingdom of Ireland, 1542–1800==
===Re-creation of title===
{{Main|Kingdom of Ireland}}

[[File:Hans Holbein, the Younger, Around 1497-1543 - Portrait of Henry VIII of England - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Henry VIII claimed the title "King of Ireland" in 1542.]]
The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] in 1541, replacing the [[Lordship of Ireland]], which had existed since 1171, with the [[Kingdom of Ireland]].

[[Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset|The 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset]], Henry VIII's illegitimate son and [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]], had been considered for elevation as the newly created King of Ireland.  However, Henry VIII's counsellors feared that creating a separate Kingdom of Ireland, with a ruler other than that of England, would create another threat like the [[King of Scotland]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scarisbrick |first=J.J. |title=English Monarchs: Henry VIII |publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}</ref> and Richmond died in 1536.

The [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542]] established a [[personal union]] between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was King of England was to be King of Ireland as well, and so its first holder was King [[Henry VIII]] of England. Henry's sixth and last wife, [[Catherine Parr|Katherine Parr]], was the first Queen consort of Ireland following her marriage to King Henry in 1543.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parr |first=Katherine |title=Katherine Parr: Complete Works and Correspondence |date=2011 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |editor-last=Mueller |editor-first=Janel |page=178 |chapter=Last Will and Testament of Dowager Queen Katherine Parr |author-link=Katherine Parr}}</ref>

The title of King of Ireland was created after Henry VIII had been excommunicated in 1538, so it was not recognised by European Catholic monarchs. Following the accession of the Catholic [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] in 1553 and her marriage to [[Philip II of Spain]], in 1554, [[Pope Paul IV]] issued the [[papal bull]] "[[List of papal bulls|Ilius]]" in 1555, recognising them as Queen and King of Ireland together with her heirs and successors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The papal bull "ILIUS" of 1555 conferring the title of King of Ireland upon Philip II |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#bull1555}}</ref>

For a brief period in the 17th century, during the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] from the impeachment and execution of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in 1649 to the [[Restoration (Ireland)|Irish Restoration]] in May 1660, there was no 'King of Ireland'. After the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]], [[Irish Catholics]], organised in [[Confederate Ireland]], still recognised Charles I, and later [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], as legitimate monarchs, in opposition to the claims of the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]], and signed a formal treaty with Charles I in 1648. However, in 1649, the [[Rump Parliament]], victorious in the [[English Civil War]], executed Charles I, and made England a republic, or "[[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]". The Parliamentarian general [[Oliver Cromwell]] came across the [[Irish Sea]] to crush the Irish royalists, temporarily uniting England, Scotland, and Ireland under one government, and styling himself "[[Lord Protector]]" of the three kingdoms (''see also [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]''). After Cromwell's death in 1658, his son [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]] emerged as the leader of this pan-[[British Isles]] republic, but he was not competent to maintain it. The [[Parliament of England]] at [[Westminster]] voted to restore the monarchy, and in 1660 King Charles II returned from exile in France to become King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland.

===Union with Great Britain, 1707–1922===
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}
The [[Acts of Union 1707]] merged the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], under the sovereignty of the [[British Crown]]. The effect was to create a personal union between the Crown of Ireland and the British Crown, instead of the English Crown. Later, from 1 January 1801, an additional merger took place between the two Kingdoms. By the terms of the [[Acts of Union 1800]], the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain, thus creating the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. Following the separation of most of Ireland from that kingdom in 1922, the remaining constituent parts were renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927, five years after the establishment of the [[Irish Free State]].
[[Image:Italian School, Roman, 18th century - Henry Benedict Stuart (1725-1807), Cardinal York - RCIN 401252 - Royal Collection.jpg|right|thumb|Jacobite pretender, [[Henry Benedict Stuart]]. The [[French Directory]] suggested to United Irishmen making him King of the Irish in 1798 but were rebuffed. Many Irishmen were Jacobites in the early 18th century.]]
During the early 18th century, a significant number of Irishmen who had fled Ireland in the aftermath of the [[Treaty of Limerick]] continued to remain loyal to the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] pretenders as Kings of Ireland (particularly the [[Flight of the Wild Geese|Wild Geese]] military diaspora in [[Irish Brigade (France)|France's Irish Brigade]]), contrary to the [[House of Hanover]]. However, Ireland was host to a [[Irish Army (1661–1801)|large military establishment]] and thus, unlike Scotland, was not the ground for legitimist-royalist risings in the 18th century, turning instead, mostly to [[republicanism]] as dissention with the ascent of the [[United Irishmen]]. However, despite their general anti-clericalism and republicanism, the [[French Directory]] did suggest to the United Irishmen in 1798 restoring the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] Pretender, [[Henry Benedict Stuart]], as Henry IX, King of the Irish.{{sfn|Pittock|2006|p=210}}{{sfn|Aston|2002|p=222}} This was on account of General [[Jean Joseph Amable Humbert]] landing a force in [[County Mayo]] for the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] and realising the local population were devoutly Catholic (a significant number of Irish priests supported the Rising and had met with Humbert, although Humbert's Army had been veterans of the anti-clerical campaign in Italy).{{sfn|Aston|2002|p=222}} The French Directory hoped this option would allow the creation of a stable French client state in Ireland, however, [[Wolfe Tone]], the Protestant republican leader, scoffed at the suggestion and it was quashed.{{sfn|Aston|2002|p=222}}

===Partition: Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, 1922–1936===
{{Main|Monarchy in the Irish Free State}}
[[File:Leinster House - 1911.jpg|left|thumb|[[Leinster House]], Dublin, decorated for the visit of King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] in 1911.<br />Within a decade it was the seat of the [[Oireachtas of the Irish Free State]].]]
In early December 1922, most of [[Ireland]] (twenty-six of the country's thirty-two [[Counties of Ireland|counties]]) left the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. These '[[Twenty-Six Counties]]' now became the [[Irish Free State]], a self-governing [[dominion]] within the [[British Empire]]. Six of Ireland's north-eastern counties, all within the nine-county [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]] of [[Ulster]], remained within the United Kingdom as [[Northern Ireland]]. As a Dominion, the Free State was a [[constitutional monarchy]] with the British monarch as its [[head of state]]. The monarch was officially represented in the new Free State by the [[Governor-General of the Irish Free State]].

The King's title in the Irish Free State was exactly the same as it was elsewhere in the British Empire, being from 1922 to 1927: "[[By the Grace of God]], of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]], [[Emperor of India]]" and, from 1927 to 1937: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India". The change in the King's title was effected under an Act of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] called the [[Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927]], intended to update the name of the United Kingdom as well as the King's title to reflect the fact that most of the [[island of Ireland]] had left the United Kingdom. The Act therefore provided that "Parliament shall hereafter be known as and styled the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [instead of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]" and "In every Act passed and public document issued after the passing of this Act the expression 'United Kingdom' shall, unless the context otherwise requires, mean Great Britain and Northern Ireland."<ref name="The Times, 4 March 1927">The Times, 4 March 1927</ref>

According to ''[[The Times]]'', the "[[Imperial Conference]] proposed that, as a result of the establishment of the Irish Free State, the title of the king should be changed to 'George V, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.'"<ref name="The Times, 4 March 1927" /> The change did not mean that the king had now assumed different [[Style of the British Sovereign|styles]] in the different parts of his Empire. That development did not formally occur until 1953, four years after the new [[Republic of Ireland]] had left the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].

Despite a lack of change in his title, George V's position as king of that country became separated from his place as King of the United Kingdom (as occurred with all the other British Dominions at the time). The [[Government of the Irish Free State]] (also known as [[His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State]])<ref>''The Irish Law Times and Solicitor's Journal: Public general statutes'', J. Falconer, 1929, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xeBLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66 66]</ref> was confident that the relationship of these independent countries under the Crown would function as a [[personal union]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 2002 |title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence |url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html |journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law |volume=9 |issue=3 |access-date=2 October 2008}}</ref>

===Abdication crisis, President of Ireland and Republic of Ireland Act, 1936–1949===
{{Main|Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949}}
The constitutional crisis resulting from the [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdication of King Edward VIII]] in December 1936 was used by [[Éamon de Valera]]'s government as a catalyst to amend the [[Constitution of the Irish Free State]] by eliminating all but one of the King's official duties. This was achieved with the enactment on 11 December of the [[Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936|Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act]], which removed the monarch from the constitution and, on 12 December, the [[Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936|External Relations Act]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1936/en/act/pub/0058/sec0003.html#zza58y1936s3 |title=Executive Authority (External Relations) Act, 1936 |date=12 December 1936 |publisher=Irish Statute Book |location=Dublin |id=3.2 |access-date=6 May 2009}}</ref> which provided that the monarch recognised by Britain and the rest of the Commonwealth could represent the Irish Free State "for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular representatives and the conclusion of international agreements" when authorised to do so by the Irish government. The following year, a new [[Constitution of Ireland|constitution]] was ratified, changing the name of the Free State to [[Éire]], or "Ireland" in the English language, and establishing the office of [[President of Ireland]]. The King's role in Ireland was ambiguous. Whether the [[Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949|Irish head of state]] was [[George VI]], or the President, was left unclear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMahon |first=Deirdre |url=https://archive.org/details/republicansimper0000mcma/page/181 |title=Republicans and Imperialists: Anglo-Irish Relations in the 1930s |date=1984 |isbn=0300030711 |page=[https://archive.org/details/republicansimper0000mcma/page/181 181]|publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref><ref>In the words of {{Cite journal |last=Mary E. Daly |date=January 2007 |title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"? |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=72–90 |doi=10.1086/508399 |jstor=10.1086/508399 |doi-access=free}}: "After the enactment of the [[Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936|1936 External Relations Act]] and the [[Constitution of Ireland|1937 Constitution]], Ireland's only remaining link with the crown had been the accreditation of diplomats. The president of Ireland was the head of state. When opposition deputies asked de Valera whether Ireland was a republic—a favorite pastime in the mid-1940s—he tended to resort to dictionary definitions showing that Ireland had all the attributes of a republic."</ref> This ambiguity was eliminated with the enactment of the [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948]], which came into force in April 1949 and declared the state to be a republic.<ref>[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/sec0001.html#zza22y1948s2 Section 1] of the [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948]].</ref> The External Relations Act was repealed, removing the remaining duties of the monarch, and Ireland formally withdrew from the [[British Commonwealth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kondō |first=Atsushi |title=Citizenship in a Global World: Comparing Citizenship Rights for Aliens |publisher=Palgrave |date=2001 |isbn=0-333-80265-9 |location=Hampshire |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kVaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120] |quote=Ireland reluctantly remained a member of the Commonwealth as Irish citizens remained British Subjects. However, Irish representatives stopped attending Commonwealth meetings in 1937 and Ireland adopted a position of neutrality in World War II. Ireland became a Republic in 1949 and formally left the Commonwealth.}}</ref> The position of the king in the Irish state was finally and formally ended by the [[Oireachtas]] with the repeal of the [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542]] by the [[Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962]].

According to Desmond Oulton (owner of [[Clontarf Castle]]), his father John George Oulton had suggested to [[Éamon de Valera]] towards the end of the [[Irish Free State]], that Ireland should have its own king again, as it was in the times of [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref name="ok">{{Citation | last1 = O'Keeffe | first1 = Jane | title =Voices from the Great Houses of Ireland: Life in the Big House: Cork and Kerry | publisher =  Mercier Press | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1781171936 |page=21}}</ref> He suggested to him, a member of the [[O'Brien Clan]], descended in the paternal line from [[Brian Boru]], a previous [[High King of Ireland]]: the most senior representative at the time was [[Donough O'Brien, 16th Baron Inchiquin]].<ref name="ok"/> Oulton said that Donough's nephew [[Conor O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin]], confirmed that De Valera did offer Donough O'Brien the title of Prince-President of the Irish Republic, but this was turned down and so a President of Ireland was instituted instead.<ref name="ok"/>

The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarchy]], specifically, continued and continues in [[Northern Ireland]], which remains a part of the sovereign state that is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. From 1921 until 1973, the British monarch was officially represented in Northern Ireland by the [[Governor of Northern Ireland]].

===List of monarchs of Ireland===
{{Redirect|Queen of Ireland}}

====Monarchs of Ireland====
British monarchs: 
[[File:Philip & Mary Irish groat 602446.jpg|thumb|right|An Irish [[Groat (coin)|groat]] depicting Philip and Mary]]
* [[Henry VIII]] (1542–1547); Lord of Ireland, 1509–1542; made king by the [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542]]
* [[Edward VI]] (1547–1553)
* [[Lady Jane Grey]] (1553; disputed)
* [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] (1553–1558)
** [[Philip II of Spain|Philip (of Spain)]] (1554–1558) ''[[jure uxoris]]''; the Spanish king (Mary's husband)'s title as King of Ireland was reinforced by the [[Treason Act 1554]]
* [[Elizabeth I]] (1558–1603)
* [[James VI and I|James I]] (1603–1625)
* [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (1625–1649)

The [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] (incorporating the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]], [[Confederate Ireland]], the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] and the [[Irish Confederate Wars]]) took place between 1639 and 1653. Charles I was executed in 1649 and his son [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was recognised by some Irish lords as King of Ireland. The [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] began with England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales ruled by the [[English Council of State|Council of State]], then the [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]] (1649–1658) and his son [[Richard Cromwell]] (1658–1659). The [[Restoration (Ireland)|Restoration in Ireland]] was effected in 1660 without major opposition, Charles II being declared king on 14 May 1660 by the [[Irish Convention (1660)|Irish Convention]].

* [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (1660–1685)
* [[James II of England|James II]] (1685–1689)
* [[William III of England|William III]] (1689–1702) and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] (1689–1694)

The position of King of Ireland was contested by William III and James II between 1689 and 1691, after the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688. The [[Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689]] made William King of Ireland, and this was reinforced by his victory in the [[Williamite War in Ireland]].

After William III's death, the monarchy continued with:
* [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]] (1702–1714)
** The [[Acts of Union 1707]] united the [[Kingdom of England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. However, the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] remained a separate state.
* [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] (1714–1727)
* [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] (1727–1760)
* [[George III]] (1760–1801)

The [[Acts of Union 1800]], which [[came into force]] on 1 January 1801, was instituted in response to the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] and created the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].
* [[George III]] (1801–1820)
* [[George IV]] (1820–1830)
* [[William IV]] (1830–1837)
* [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] (1837–1901) 
* [[Edward VII]] (1901–1910)
* [[George V]] (1910–1922)

====Monarchs of the Irish Free State and Ireland====
[[File:Royal arms of Ireland.svg|thumb|right|upright|The royal arms of Ireland – Badge of Ireland, used during the period of the Kingdom of Ireland on coins, etc.]]
* [[George V]] (1922–1936) (The [[Irish Free State]] became a self-governing [[Dominion]] of the [[British Empire]] and subsequently, in 1931, a legislatively independent country.)
* [[Edward VIII]] (1936)
* Arguably [[George VI]] (1936–1949), whose status was diminished ''(see [[Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949]])''.

Following the [[Ireland Act 1949]], only the part of Ireland known as [[Northern Ireland]] remained part of a monarchy.
====Monarchs of Northern Ireland====
As part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]].
* [[George V]] (1922–1936) 
* [[Edward VIII]] (1936)
* [[George VI]] (1936–1952) 
* [[Elizabeth II]] (1952–2022) 
* [[Charles III]] (2022–present)

====King's title, George V – George VI====
The king's title in the [[Irish Free State]], when it became a self-governing [[Dominion]] of the [[British Empire]], and its constitutional successor from December 1936 to April 1949, was the same as elsewhere in the British Commonwealth,<ref>Proclamation altering the Style and Titles appertaining to the Crown, London, 13 May 1927.[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1927]</ref> but it was unclear whether the [[President of Ireland]] or the king was [[Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949|head of state]].

The changes in the [[Style of the British Sovereign|royal style]] in the 20th century took into account the emergence of independence for the dominions from the [[Imperial Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. The kings successively and their advisers and governments in the United Kingdom were fully aware that the republican intent of the representatives of the Irish Free State was in marked contrast to the intent of the governments of certain other dominions, such as Canada.<ref>Heads of government attending the [[1926 Imperial Conference]] included W. T. Cosgrave, then serving as [[President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State|President of the Executive Council]] (prime minister) from 1922 to 1932. It was recorded that the distinct characteristics and histories of each was recognised by the parties attending the Conference,</ref> and such differences were manifested in this period in the design and use of flags and other national symbols for the Irish Free State and other dominions.<ref>See Alistair B. Fraser (1998). [http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/NatSym.html "The Flags of Canada"]. For the chronology of Canadian flags from 1870, at the time of the Irish republican movement, see [http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Appendicies/Chronology.html Appendix III]. For explanation of the distinction between national flags and monarchical badges or blazons of arms see Chapter I: "...&nbsp;a nation needs emblems and symbols to preserve traditions and inspire love of country. Of these symbols, the coat of arms and the flag are the chief." Charles Frederick Hamilton, Assistant Comptroller, R.C.M.P (1921) "The function of a flag is to send the simple message of identity. The function of arms is to dignify an individual, or institution, or country by special identifying symbolism and by appropriate reference to ancestry." John Ross Matheson, ''Canada's Flag: A Search for a Country'' (Boston G.K. Hall, 1980), p. 7. "Canada's flag serves to identify something Canadian. More specialized in its use, Canada's arms identify national authority and jurisdiction. Leaving aside strictly decorative uses of either, the flag is used wherever one wishes to make the simple statement: Canada or Canadian; the arms only where the authority of the nation is asserted." Alistair B. Fraser, 1998, op.cit.</ref>