Editing Monarchy (section)

===Titles of monarchs===
{{See also|Composite monarchy}}
[[File:Téwodros II - 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tewodros II]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]]|upright]]
Monarchs can have various [[title]]s. Common European titles of monarchs (in that hierarchical order of nobility) are [[emperor]] or empress (from [[Latin]]: ''[[imperator]]'' or ''imperatrix''), [[king]] or [[Queen regnant|queen]], [[grand duke]] or grand duchess, [[prince]] or [[princess]], [[duke]] or duchess.<ref>Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982 vol.1 p21</ref> Some [[Early modern period|early modern]] European titles (especially in German states) included [[prince-elector|elector]] (German: {{Lang|de|Kurfürst}}, Prince-Elector, literally "electing prince"), [[margrave]] (German: {{Lang|de|Markgraf}}, equivalent to the French title ''marquis'', literally "count of the borderland"), and [[burgrave]] (German: {{Lang|de|Burggraf}}, literally "count of the castle"). Lesser titles include [[count]] and [[Graf|princely count]]. Slavic titles include [[knyaz]] and [[tsar]] (ц︢рь) or [[Tsarina|tsaritsa]] (царица), a word derived from the [[Roman Empire|Roman imperial]] title ''[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]''.

In the [[Muslim world]], titles of monarchs include [[Caliphate|caliph]] (successor to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and a leader of the entire Muslim community), [[padishah]] (emperor), [[sultan]] or [[Sultana (title)|sultana]], [[Shah|shâhanshâh]] (emperor), [[shah]], [[malik]] (king) or [[malik]]ah (queen), [[emir]] (commander, prince) or [[emir]]a (princess), [[sheikh]] or [[sheikh]]a, [[imam]] (used in [[Oman]]). East Asian titles of monarchs include [[Emperor of China|''huángdì'']] (emperor) or ''nǚhuáng'' (empress regnant), [[Son of Heaven|''tiānzǐ'']] (son of heaven), ''[[Emperor of Japan|tennō]]'' (emperor) or ''[[Josei Tennō|josei tennō]]'' (empress regnant), ''[[Korean nobility#Royal titles|wang]]'' (king) or ''[[Korean nobility#Royal titles|yeowang]]'' (queen regnant), ''[[Emperor of Korea|hwangje]]'' (emperor) or ''yeoje'' (empress regnant). South Asian and South East Asian titles included ''[[Maharaja|mahārāja]]'' (high king) or ''maharani'' (high queen), ''[[raja]]'' (king) and ''[[rana (title)|rana]]'' (king) or ''[[rani]]'' (queen) and ''ratu'' (South East Asian queen). Historically, [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] monarchs have used the title ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]'' and ''[[khagan]]'' (emperor) or ''[[khatun]]'' and ''[[khanum]]''; [[Ancient Egypt]]ian monarchs have used the title ''[[pharaoh]]'' for men and women. In [[Ethiopian Empire]], monarchs used title ''[[Emperor of Ethiopia|nəgusä nägäst]]'' (king of kings) or [[Emperor of Ethiopia|''nəgəstä nägäst'']] (queen of kings).

Many monarchs are addressed with particular [[Style (form of address)|styles]] or manners of address, like "[[Majesty]]", "[[Royal Highness]]", "[[By the Grace of God]]", ''[[Amir al-Mu'minin|Amīr al-Mu'minīn]]'' ("Leader of the Faithful"), ''[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Hünkar-i Khanedan-i Âl-i Osman]]'', "Sovereign of the Sublime House of Osman"), ''[[Malay styles and titles|Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda]]'' ("Majesty"), ''Jeonha'' ("Majesty"), ''Tennō Heika'' (literally "His Majesty the heavenly sovereign"), ''Bìxià'' ("Bottom of the Steps").

Sometimes titles are used to express claims to territories that are not held in fact (for example, [[English claims to the French throne]]), or titles not recognised ([[antipope]]s). Also, after a monarchy is deposed, often former monarchs and their descendants are given alternative titles (the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] was given the hereditary title [[Duke of Braganza]]).